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. 2020 Jan;74(1):48-56.
doi: 10.1136/jech-2019-212704. Epub 2019 Oct 19.

Effect of changes in green spaces on mental health in older adults: a fixed effects analysis

J Mark Noordzij  1 , Marielle A Beenackers  2 , Joost Oude Groeniger  2 , Frank J Van Lenthe  2
Affiliations

Effect of changes in green spaces on mental health in older adults: a fixed effects analysis

J Mark Noordzij et al. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020 Jan.

Abstract

Background: Urban green spaces have been linked to different health benefits, but longitudinal studies on the effect of green spaces on mental health are sparse and evidence often inconclusive. Our objective was to study the effect of changes in green spaces in the residential environment on changes in mental health using data with 10 years of follow-up (2004-2014).

Methods: Data from 3175 Dutch adults were linked to accessibility and availability measures of green spaces at three time points (2004/2011/2014). Mental health was measured with the Mental Health Inventory-5. Fixed effects analyses were performed to assess the effect of changes in green spaces on mental health.

Results: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data showed significant associations between Euclidean distances to the nearest green space and mental health, with an increase of 100 m correlating with a lower mental health score of approximately 0.5 (95% CI -0.87 to -0.12) on a 0-100 scale. Fixed effects models showed no evidence for associations between changes in green spaces and changes in mental health both for the entire sample as well as for those that did not relocate during follow-up.

Conclusions: Despite observed cross-sectional correlations between the accessibility of green space in the residential environment and mental health, no evidence was found for an association between changes in green spaces and changes in mental health. If mental health and green spaces are indeed causally linked, then changes in green spaces in the Eindhoven area between 2004 and 2014 are not enough to produce a significant effect.

Keywords: ageing; geographical information systems; mental health; urban development; urban health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study overview of the GLOBE study (Gezondheid en Levens Omstandigheden van de Bevolking van Eindhoven en omstreken) and the Eindhoven area. BBG, Bestand Bodemgebruik.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Changes in (A) green, (B) green and blue, (C) green and agricultural, and (D) green, blue and agricultural green spaces in the Eindhoven city region between 2003 and 2012.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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