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8 Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
9 A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
10 M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
11 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
12 Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
13 Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
14 Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
15 Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
16 CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS-Univ Montpellier-Univ Paul-Valéry-EPHE-SupAgro Montpellier-INRA-IRD, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
17 Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
18 Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modeling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.
19 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPEC, Paris 7, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
20 Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
21 Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands.
22 Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
23 Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany.
24 Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
25 Department of Soil Zoology, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, 02826 Görlitz, Germany.
26 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
27 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
28 Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore.
29 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan.
30 Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology (LARMAT), College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya.
31 CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
32 Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Canada.
33 Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Río Cuarto, X5804 BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina.
34 Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, 03046 Cottbus, Germany.
35 Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier, France.
36 Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
37 School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
38 UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
39 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
40 UMR 1114 "EMMAH," INRA, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France.
41 Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands.
42 Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
43 Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
44 School of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK.
45 Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA.
46 Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
47 Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 6700 Luján, Argentina.
48 Louis Bolk Institute, 3981 AJ Bunnik, Netherlands.
49 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Campus II, 54286 Trier, Germany.
50 Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable-INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 6700 Luján, Argentina.
51 Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
52 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
53 Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa 91070, Mexico.
54 Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines-Mindanao, Barangay Mintal, 8000 Davao City, Philippines.
55 Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University (UGent), Campus Coupure, Ghent, Belgium.
56 Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
57 Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
58 Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
59 Agricultural Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, 65055-310 São Luís, Brazil.
61 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN 55155, USA.
62 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
63 Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA.
64 Agricultura Sociedad y Ambiente, Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche 24500, Mexico.
65 Soil Physics and Land Management Degradation, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
66 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
67 College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA.
68 School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
69 Sustainable Development and Environment Engineering, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael the 1st of Romania," 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
70 Experimental Infrastructure Platform, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.
71 Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima City, Japan.
72 Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
73 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
74 Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.
75 Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
76 UR Gestion Durable des Sols, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire.
77 Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
78 Production Systems, Horticulture Technologies, Natural Resources Institute Finland, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland.
79 Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, India.
80 Soil Science, ESALQ-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418, Brazil.
81 College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawai'i, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
82 Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
83 Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
84 UR Systèmes de pérennes, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France.
85 Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic.
86 Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.
87 Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, 23847 Westerau, Germany.
88 Forestry School-INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain.
89 Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 24500 Campeche, Mexico.
90 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
91 Research Institute for Nature and Forest, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium.
92 School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland.
93 Soil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
94 Natural Area Consultants, 1 West Hill School Road, Richford, NY 13835, USA.
95 Department of Zoology, Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College, Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Kerala, India.
96 CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
97 UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, 29688 Roscoff, France.
98 UMR SAS, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000 Rennes, France.
99 Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá De Henares, Spain.
104 Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
105 Group of Global Change Ecology and Evolution (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
106 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA.
107 Friends of the Mississippi River, 101 East Fifth Street, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
108 Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, Brazil.
109 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-087 Kraków, Poland.
110 Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
111 College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA.
112 Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
113 UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.
114 Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
115 Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
116 Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy.
117 Laboratory of Ecosystem Modeling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
118 Laboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology-Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
119 Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Amritsar 143002, India.
120 John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
121 Department of Animal Biology, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain.
129 The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA.
130 Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
131 Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Kola Science Centre, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Apatity 184211, Russia.
132 Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
133 Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
134 Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
8 Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
9 A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia.
10 M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
11 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
12 Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
13 Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
14 Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
15 Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
16 CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS-Univ Montpellier-Univ Paul-Valéry-EPHE-SupAgro Montpellier-INRA-IRD, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
17 Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
18 Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modeling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.
19 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPEC, Paris 7, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
20 Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
21 Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands.
22 Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
23 Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany.
24 Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
25 Department of Soil Zoology, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, 02826 Görlitz, Germany.
26 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
27 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
28 Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore.
29 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan.
30 Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology (LARMAT), College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya.
31 CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
32 Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Canada.
33 Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Río Cuarto, X5804 BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina.
34 Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, 03046 Cottbus, Germany.
35 Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier, France.
36 Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
37 School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
38 UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
39 USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
40 UMR 1114 "EMMAH," INRA, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France.
41 Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands.
42 Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
43 Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
44 School of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK.
45 Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA.
46 Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
47 Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 6700 Luján, Argentina.
48 Louis Bolk Institute, 3981 AJ Bunnik, Netherlands.
49 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Campus II, 54286 Trier, Germany.
50 Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable-INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 6700 Luján, Argentina.
51 Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
52 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
53 Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa 91070, Mexico.
54 Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines-Mindanao, Barangay Mintal, 8000 Davao City, Philippines.
55 Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University (UGent), Campus Coupure, Ghent, Belgium.
56 Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
57 Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
58 Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
59 Agricultural Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, 65055-310 São Luís, Brazil.
61 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN 55155, USA.
62 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
63 Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA.
64 Agricultura Sociedad y Ambiente, Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche 24500, Mexico.
65 Soil Physics and Land Management Degradation, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
66 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
67 College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA.
68 School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
69 Sustainable Development and Environment Engineering, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael the 1st of Romania," 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
70 Experimental Infrastructure Platform, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.
71 Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima City, Japan.
72 Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
73 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
74 Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany.
75 Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
76 UR Gestion Durable des Sols, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire.
77 Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
78 Production Systems, Horticulture Technologies, Natural Resources Institute Finland, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland.
79 Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, India.
80 Soil Science, ESALQ-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418, Brazil.
81 College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawai'i, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
82 Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
83 Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
84 UR Systèmes de pérennes, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France.
85 Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic.
86 Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.
87 Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, 23847 Westerau, Germany.
88 Forestry School-INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain.
89 Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 24500 Campeche, Mexico.
90 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
91 Research Institute for Nature and Forest, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium.
92 School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland.
93 Soil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
94 Natural Area Consultants, 1 West Hill School Road, Richford, NY 13835, USA.
95 Department of Zoology, Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College, Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Kerala, India.
96 CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia.
97 UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, 29688 Roscoff, France.
98 UMR SAS, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000 Rennes, France.
99 Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá De Henares, Spain.
104 Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
105 Group of Global Change Ecology and Evolution (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
106 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA.
107 Friends of the Mississippi River, 101 East Fifth Street, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
108 Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, Brazil.
109 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-087 Kraków, Poland.
110 Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
111 College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA.
112 Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
113 UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.
114 Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
115 Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
116 Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy.
117 Laboratory of Ecosystem Modeling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
118 Laboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology-Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
119 Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Amritsar 143002, India.
120 John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada.
121 Department of Animal Biology, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain.
129 The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA.
130 Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
131 Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Kola Science Centre, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Apatity 184211, Russia.
132 Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
133 Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
134 Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Figures
Fig. 1. Global distribution of earthworm diversity.
Fig. 1. Global distribution of earthworm diversity.
( A ) Black dots represent the center…
Fig. 1. Global distribution of earthworm diversity.
(A) Black dots represent the center of a “study” used in at least one of the three models (species richness, total abundance, and total biomass). The size of the dot corresponds to the number of sites within the study. Opaqueness is for visualization purposes only. (B to D) The globally predicted values of (B) species richness (within site), (C) total abundance, and (D) total biomass. Yellow indicates high diversity; dark purple, low diversity. Gray areas are habitat cover categories that lacked samples.
Fig. 2. The number of unique species…
Fig. 2. The number of unique species within each latitudinal zone, when the number of…
Fig. 2. The number of unique species within each latitudinal zone, when the number of sites within each zone is comparable.
The width of the bar shows the latitude range of the sites/zones.
Fig. 3. The importance of the six…
Fig. 3. The importance of the six variable themes from the three biodiversity models.
Rows…
Fig. 3. The importance of the six variable themes from the three biodiversity models.
Rows show the results of each model (top, species richness; middle, abundance; bottom, biomass). Columns represent the variable themes that are present in the simplified biodiversity model. The most important variable group has the largest circle. Within each row, the circle size of the other variable themes is proportional to the relative change in importance. The circle size should only be compared within a row.
