Trends and Focus of Machine Learning Applications for Health Research

Abstract

Importance: The use of machine learning applications related to health is rapidly increasing and may have the potential to profoundly affect the field of health care.

Objective: To analyze submissions to a popular machine learning for health venue to assess the current state of research, including areas of methodologic and clinical focus, limitations, and underexplored areas.

Design, setting, and participants: In this data-driven qualitative analysis, 166 accepted manuscript submissions to the Third Annual Machine Learning for Health workshop at the 32nd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems on December 8, 2018, were analyzed to understand research focus, progress, and trends. Experts reviewed each submission against a rubric to identify key data points, statistical modeling and analysis of submitting authors was performed, and research topics were quantitatively modeled. Finally, an iterative discussion of topics common in submissions and invited speakers at the workshop was held to identify key trends.

Main outcomes and measures: Frequency and statistical measures of methods, topics, goals, and author attributes were derived from an expert review of submissions guided by a rubric.

Results: Of the 166 accepted submissions, 58 (34.9%) had clinician involvement and 83 submissions (50.0%) that focused on clinical practice included clinical collaborators. A total of 97 data sets (58.4%) used in submissions were publicly available or required a standard registration process. Clinical practice was the most common application area (70 manuscripts [42.2%]), with brain and mental health (25 [15.1%]), oncology (21 [12.7%]), and cardiovascular (19 [11.4%]) being the most common specialties.

Conclusions and relevance: Trends in machine learning for health research indicate the importance of well-annotated, easily accessed data and the benefit from greater clinician involvement in the development of translational applications.

Figure 1.. Visualization of 12-Topic Model Trained on Third Annual Machine Learning for Health (ML4H) Workshop Manuscripts

Principal component (PC) projection of 12 topics learned from ML4H manuscripts. An interactive version can be viewed online.

Figure 2.. Selected Topics Representing Application Domains and Methods From the Topic Model Trained on Third Annual Machine Learning for Health (ML4H) Workshop Manuscripts

An interactive version can be viewed online. AI indicates artificial intelligence; ICD, International Classification of Diseases. dt, ti, xi, and yi are equation variables common in reinforcement learning algorithms.