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. 2019 Oct 25;9(1):15335.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51787-5.

Urbanization creates diverse aquatic habitats for immature mosquitoes in urban areas

André B B Wilke  1 , Catherine Chase  2 , Chalmers Vasquez  3 , Augusto Carvajal  3 , Johana Medina  3 , William D Petrie  3 , John C Beier  2
Affiliations

Urbanization creates diverse aquatic habitats for immature mosquitoes in urban areas

André B B Wilke et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Global increases in temperatures and urbanization are impacting the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. Urbanization processes create suitable habitats for vector mosquitoes in which there are a reduced number of predators, and human hosts are widely available. We hypothesize that mosquito vector species, especially Aedes aegypti, are locally concentrated primarily in those specific habitats at the neighborhood levels that provide suitable conditions and environmental resources needed for mosquito survival. Determining how mosquito vector species composition and abundance depend on environmental resources across habitats addresses where different types of vector control need to be applied. Therefore, our goal was to analyze and identify the most productive aquatic habitats for mosquitoes in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Immature mosquito surveys were conducted throughout Miami-Dade County from April 2018 to June 2019, totaling 2,488 inspections. Mosquitoes were collected in 76 different types of aquatic habitats scattered throughout 141 neighborhoods located in the urbanized areas of Miami-Dade County. A total of 44,599 immature mosquitoes were collected and Ae. aegypti was the most common and abundant species, comprising 43% of all specimens collected. Aedes aegypti was primarily found in buckets, bromeliads, and flower pots, concentrated in specific neighborhoods. Our results showed that aquatic habitats created by anthropogenic land-use modifications (e.g., ornamental bromeliads, buckets, etc.) were positively correlated with the abundance of Ae. aegypti. This study serves to identify how vector mosquitoes utilize the resources available in urban environments and to determine the exact role of these specific urban features in supporting populations of vector mosquito species. Ultimately, the identification of modifiable urban features will allow the development of targeted mosquito control strategies optimized to preventatively control vector mosquitoes in urban areas.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map displaying the distribution of immature mosquitoes collected in Miami-Dade County, Florida for (A) larvae and (B) Pupae. Each color represents a mosquito species. Urban areas are displayed in gray. The figure was produced using ArcGIS 10.2 (Esri, Redlands, CA), using freely available layers from the Miami-Dade County’s Open Data Hub— https://gis-mdc.opendata.arcgis.com/.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Biodiversity indices for the immature mosquitoes collected in Miami-Dade County, Florida from April 2018 to June 2019. (A) Individual rarefaction curves (Y-axis = number of species; X-axis = number of specimens); (B) Plots of cumulative SHE profiles (ln S, H and ln E). (Y-axis = diversity values for log abundance, Shannon index and log evenness; X-axis = number of specimens).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Heat map based on the relative abundance of Aedes aegypti larvae (A) and pupae (B) in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Highlighted in red are the neighborhoods with the highest abundance of Ae. aegypti. The figure was produced using ArcGIS 10.2 (Esri, Redlands, CA), using freely available layers from the Miami-Dade County’s Open Data Hub— https://gis-mdc.opendata.arcgis.com/.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Heat map based on the relative abundance of Aedes aegypti breeding in natural and artificial habitats in Miami-Dade County, Florida. (A) Larvae and (B) pupae collected in artificial breeding habitats, and (C) Larvae and (D) pupae collected in natural breeding habitats. Highlighted in red are the neighborhoods with the highest abundance of Ae. aegypti. The figure was produced using ArcGIS 10.2 (Esri, Redlands, CA), using freely available layers from the Miami-Dade County’s Open Data Hub— https://gis-mdc.opendata.arcgis.com/.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Most productive Aedes aegypti breeding habitats. (A) larvae and (B) pupae collected in bromeliads; (C) Larvae and (D) pupae collected in buckets and (E) larvae and (F) pupae collected in flower pots. The figure was produced using ArcGIS 10.2 (Esri, Redlands, CA), using freely available layers from the Miami-Dade County’s Open Data Hub— https://gis-mdc.opendata.arcgis.com/.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Map displaying immature mosquito collection points in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Neighborhoods are displayed in gray and collection points in red. The figure was produced using ArcGIS 10.2 (Esri, Redlands, CA), using freely available layers from the Miami-Dade County’s Open Data Hub— https://gis-mdc.opendata.arcgis.com/.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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