Molecular mechanisms regulating O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-processing enzymes

Abstract

The post-translational modification of proteins by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) dynamically programmes cellular physiology to maintain homoeostasis and tailor biochemical pathways to meet context-dependent cellular needs. Despite diverse roles of played by O-GlcNAc, only two enzymes act antagonistically to govern its cycling; O-GlcNAc transferase installs the monosaccharide on target proteins, and O-GlcNAc hydrolase removes it. The recent literature has exposed a network of mechanisms regulating these two enzymes to choreograph global, and target-specific, O-GlcNAc cycling in response to cellular stress and nutrient availability. Herein, we amalgamate these emerging mechanisms from a structural and molecular perspective to explore how the cell exerts fine control to regulate O-GlcNAcylation of diverse proteins in a selective fashion.

Keywords: Enzyme regulation; GlcNAc; Glycans; Glycoprotein; Glycosidase; Glycosyltransferase; Hexosamine; O-GlcNAc; O-GlcNAcylation; Post-transcriptional regulation; Post-translational modification; Retained intron; Spliceoforms; Subcellular localization; Transcription; glycosylation; miRNA.