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. 2019 Oct 14;5(10):e02535.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02535. eCollection 2019 Oct.

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Colombian dairy farms

G Torres  1   2 , K Vargas  2 , M Sánchez-Jiménez  1 , J Reyes-Velez  2 , M Olivera-Angel  2
Affiliations

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Colombian dairy farms

G Torres et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilms is an important virulence factor because this has been associated with persistent bovine intramammary infections. Different mechanisms of biofilm formation have been described in S. aureus; however, the process has been found to be mainly driven by the ica and bap genes. The presence of the ica and bap genes, as well as the biofilm formation in vitro were evaluated in 229 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk collected from different regions of Department of Antioquia, Colombia. Three different genotypes grouped into three separate clusters were identified from in vitro assays. Genotype 1 (ica positive and bap negative) was the most prevalent (78.17%), followed by genotype 2 (ica and bap positive) (12.66%) and genotype 0 (ica and bap negative) (9.17%). Biofilm formation was observed in 81.26% of the strains from which 100% of genotype 2 isolates showed biofilm formation. The biofilms formed by genotype 2 isolates were also found to have the highest optical density (>2.4). These results showed that most of the S. aureus strains were capable of biofilm formation, suggesting the virulence potential particularly in bap-positive strains.

Keywords: Animal science; Bacteria; Biofilms; Genotype; Mastitis; Microbial genomics; Microbiology; Microorganism; Staphylococcus aureus.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Hierarchical clustering of 229 S. aureus strains recovered from bovine intramammary infections in dairy herds (n = 91) from Colombia, based on both the genotypes and measured optical density (OD). The blue branch represents cluster 1 (n = 146; OD: ≤1.1), yellow to cluster 2 (n = 40; OD: ≥2.4), and grey to cluster 3 (n = 43; OD: 1.3–2.7).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Box plot representation of distribution of the optical densities (OD) of S. aureus strains (n = 229) recovered from IMI in dairy herds (n = 91) from Colombia grouped by clusters (k = 3). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences among clusters (P < 0.0001). The blue box represents cluster 1 (n = 146; OD: ≤1.1), yellow to cluster 2 (n = 40; OD: ≥2.4), and grey to cluster 3 (n = 43; OD: 1.3–2.7).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Box plot of the distribution of the optical densities (OD) of S. aureus strains (n = 229) recovered from IMI in Colombian dairy herds (n = 91) by each cluster (k = 3) and grouped by genotypes (n = 3). Dots represent the specific observations by group of cluster and genotypes. Significant differences were presented as Pairwise unpaired comparisons Wilcoxon test P values. The box and blue dots represent cluster 1 (n = 146; OD: ≤1.1), yellow to cluster 2 (n = 40; OD: ≥2.4), and grey to cluster 3 (n = 43; OD: 1.3–2.7). Most of the strains from genotype 1 (73.74%) and genotype 0 (57.14%) were classified into cluster 1, while a high percentage (65.51%) of isolates from genotype 2 were linked to cluster 2.
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