Differences in Cesarean section rates by fetal sex among Chinese women in the United States: Does Chinese culture play a role?

Abstract

To investigate whether elements of Chinese culture, such as son preference, influence women's mode of child delivery, this paper analyzes how fetal sex affects C-section rates among Chinese mothers compared with Japanese mothers in the United States. It uses birth certificate data from 1990 to 2000, a period when women were routinely able to learn the sex of the fetus during pregnancy. Compared with Japanese mothers, Chinese mothers were 1 percentage point more likely to undergo C-section when giving birth to boys than when giving birth to girls. This result is robust to the addition of a rich set of controls and the restriction of the sample to infants without congenital diseases or anomalies at birth. The effects are concentrated in subgroups that are more likely to prefer sons-specifically, where both parents are Asian or where mothers are first-generation immigrants. The findings offer valuable insights for health professionals into culturally driven pregnancy behaviors among Chinese women, potentially enabling them to offer more culturally appropriate healthcare as they support women in making a healthy transition to motherhood.

Keywords: Keywords: Cesarean section rates; Sex differences; Son preference.