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Meta-Analysis
. 2019 Oct 30;2019(10):CD002295.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002295.pub6.

Exercise interventions for smoking cessation

Michael H Ussher  1   2 , Guy E J Faulkner  3 , Kathryn Angus  2 , Jamie Hartmann-Boyce  4 , Adrian H Taylor  5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Exercise interventions for smoking cessation

Michael H Ussher et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Taking regular exercise, whether cardiovascular-type exercise or resistance exercise, may help people to give up smoking, particularly by reducing cigarette withdrawal symptoms and cravings, and by helping to manage weight gain.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of exercise-based interventions alone, or combined with a smoking cessation programme, for achieving long-term smoking cessation, compared with a smoking cessation intervention alone or other non-exercise intervention.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register for studies, using the term 'exercise' or 'physical activity' in the title, abstract or keywords. The date of the most recent search was May 2019.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that compared an exercise programme alone, or an exercise programme as an adjunct to a cessation programme, with a cessation programme alone or another non-exercise control group. Trials were required to recruit smokers wishing to quit or recent quitters, to assess abstinence as an outcome and have follow-up of at least six months.

Data collection and analysis: We followed standard Cochrane methods. Smoking cessation was measured after at least six months, using the most rigorous definition available, on an intention-to-treat basis. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for smoking cessation for each study, where possible. We grouped eligible studies according to the type of comparison, as either smoking cessation or relapse prevention. We carried out meta-analyses where appropriate, using Mantel-Haenszel random-effects models.

Main results: We identified 24 eligible trials with a total of 7279 adult participants randomised. Two studies focused on relapse prevention among smokers who had recently stopped smoking, and the remaining 22 studies were concerned with smoking cessation for smokers who wished to quit. Eleven studies were with women only and one with men only. Most studies recruited fairly inactive people. Most of the trials employed supervised, group-based cardiovascular-type exercise supplemented by a home-based exercise programme and combined with a multi-session cognitive behavioural smoking cessation programme. The comparator in most cases was a multi-session cognitive behavioural smoking cessation programme alone. Overall, we judged two studies to be at low risk of bias, 11 at high risk of bias, and 11 at unclear risk of bias. Among the 21 studies analysed, we found low-certainty evidence, limited by potential publication bias and by imprecision, comparing the effect of exercise plus smoking cessation support with smoking cessation support alone on smoking cessation outcomes (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.22; I2 = 0%; 6607 participants). We excluded one study from this analysis as smoking abstinence rates for the study groups were not reported. There was no evidence of subgroup differences according to the type of exercise promoted; the subgroups considered were: cardiovascular-type exercise alone (17 studies), resistance training alone (one study), combined cardiovascular-type and resistance exercise (one study) and type of exercise not specified (two studies). The results were not significantly altered when we excluded trials with high risk of bias, or those with special populations, or those where smoking cessation intervention support was not matched between the intervention and control arms. Among the two relapse prevention studies, we found very low-certainty evidence, limited by risk of bias and imprecision, that adding exercise to relapse prevention did not improve long-term abstinence compared with relapse prevention alone (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.47; I2 = 0%; 453 participants).

Authors' conclusions: There is no evidence that adding exercise to smoking cessation support improves abstinence compared with support alone, but the evidence is insufficient to assess whether there is a modest benefit. Estimates of treatment effect were of low or very low certainty, because of concerns about bias in the trials, imprecision and publication bias. Consequently, future trials may change these conclusions.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

MU: was involved in the conduct of four of the included studies (Ciccolo 2011; Patten 2017; Ussher 2003; Ussher 2015).

AT: was involved with three of the included trials (Bernard 2015; Ussher 2003; Ussher 2015).

GF: was involved with one of the included trials (Prapavessis 2016).

JHB: none declared.

KA: none declared.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram for 2019 update
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Exercise component versus smoking cessation programme only, outcome: 1.1 Smoking abstinence at longest follow‐up, subgroup by exercise type.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise component versus smoking cessation programme only, Outcome 1 Smoking abstinence at longest follow‐up, subgroup by exercise type.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise component versus smoking cessation programme only, Outcome 2 Relapse prevention at longest follow‐up.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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References to studies excluded from this review

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Daniel 2007 {published data only}
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De Jesus 2014 {published data only}
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De Jesus 2018a {published data only}
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De Jesus 2018b {published data only}
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Elibero 2011 {published data only}
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Everson 2006 {published data only}
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Fong 2014 {published data only}
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Gorini 2012 {published data only}
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Grove 1993 {published data only}
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Grove 2006 {published data only}
    1. Grove JR, Wilkinson A, Dawson BT, Eastwood PR, Heard NP. Effects of exercise on subjective aspects of sleep during tobacco withdrawal. Australian Psychologist 2005;41: 69‐76.
Haasova 2011 {published data only}
    1. Haasova M, Oh H, Taylor AT. The acute effects of brisk walking and isometric exercise versus rest on cigarette cravings and attentional bias. Paper presented at ASH Wales; 2011 Oct; Cardiff, UK.
Harper 2012 {published data only}
    1. Harper T, Fitzgeorge L, Tritter A, Prapavessis H. Acute exercise effects on craving and withdrawal symptoms among women attempting to quit smoking using nicotine replacement therapy. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2012;7(2):72‐9. [CRS: 9400107000001480]
Harper 2013 {published data only}
    1. Harper T, Fitzgeorge L, Tritter A, Prapavessis H. Are treatment expectations related to reductions in craving and withdrawal symptoms following an acute bout of exercise?. Mental Health and Physical Activity 2013;6(2):83‐6. [CRS: 9400126000000286]
Hassandra 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hassandra M, Kofou G, Zourbanos N, Gratsani S, Zisi V, Theodorakis Y. Initial evaluation of a smoking cessation program incorporating physical activity promotion to Greek adults in antismoking clinics. Evaluation & the Health Professions 2012;35(3):323‐30. - PubMed
Hatzigeorgiadis 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hatzigeorgiadis A, Pappa V, Tsiami A, Tzatzaki T, Georgakouli K, Zourbanos N, et al. Self‐regulation strategies may enhance the acute effect of exercise on smoking delay. Addictive Behaviors 2016;57:35‐7. - PubMed
Ho 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ho JY, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Vingren JL, Fragala MS, Flanagan SD, et al. Effects of resistance exercise on the HPA axis response to psychological stress during short‐term smoking abstinence in men. Addictive Behaviors 2014;39(3):695‐8. - PubMed
Horn 2011 {published data only}
    1. Horn K, Branstetter S, Zhang J, Jarrett T, Tompkins NO, Anesetti‐Rothermel A, et al. Understanding physical activity outcomes as a function of teen smoking cessation. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;53(1):125‐31. [CENTRAL: 905650; CRS: 9400107000000780; EMBASE: 2013390794; PUBMED: 23578440] - PubMed
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Hurt 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hurt RD, Eberman KM, Croghan IT, Offord KP, Davis LJ Jr, Morse RM, et al. Nicotine dependence treatment during inpatient treatment for other addictions: a prospective intervention trial. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 1994;18(4):867‐72. - PubMed
Hwang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hwang GS, Jung HS, Yi Y, Yoon C, Choi JW. Smoking cessation intervention using stepwise exercise incentives for male workers in the workplace. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Public Health / Asia‐Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health 2012;24(1):82‐90. [CRS: 9400123000013005; PUBMED: 21159694] - PubMed
Janse van Rensburg 2008 {published data only}
    1. Janse van Rensburg K, Taylor AH. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive functioning and cigarette cravings during temporary abstinence from smoking. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 2008;23(3):193‐9. - PubMed
Janse van Rensburg 2009a {published data only}
    1. Rensburg KJ, Taylor AH, Hodgson T. The effects of acute exercise on attentional bias towards smoking‐related stimuli during temporary abstinence from smoking. Addiction 2009;104(11):1910‐17. - PubMed
Janse van Rensburg 2009b {published data only}
    1. Rensburg KJ, Taylor A, Hodgson T, Benattayallah A. Acute exercise modulates cigarette cravings and brain activation in response to smoking‐related images: an fMRI study. Psychopharmacology 2009;203(3):589‐98. - PubMed
Janse van Rensburg 2010 {unpublished data only}
    1. Janse van Rensburg K. The effects of exercise on neuropsychological processes associated with a desire to smoke nicotine and cue‐elicited cravings [PhD dissertation]. University of Exeter, UK, 2010.
Janse van Rensburg 2012 {published data only}
    1. Janse van Rensburg K, Taylor A, Benattayallah A, Hodgson T. The effects of exercise on cigarette cravings and brain activation in response to smoking‐related images. Psychopharmacology 2012;221(4):659‐66. [CRS: 9400123000015844; EMBASE: 2012357180; PUBMED: 22234380] - PubMed
Janse van Rensburg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Janse van Rensburg K, Elibero A, Kilpatrick M, Drobes DJ. Impact of aerobic exercise intensity on craving and reactivity to smoking cues. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2013;21(3):196‐203. [CENTRAL: 963513; CRS: 9400130000000234; PUBMED: 23750690] - PubMed
Jones 2001 {published data only}
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Jonsdottir 2001 {published data only}
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Katomeri 2007 {published data only}
    1. Katomeri M. Acute effects of self‐paced walking on smoking withdrawal and cravings [PhD dissertation]. University of Plymouth, 2007.
Kinnunen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kinnunen T, Craft LL, Korhonen T. Exercise as an adjunct to standard treatment for sedentary female smokers: short‐ and long‐term cessation outcomes (POS4‐168). Society for Research on Nicotine & Tobacco 19th Annual Meeting, March 13‐16, Boston, MA. 2013.
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Kovelis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kovelis D, Zabatiero J, Furlanetto KC, Mantoani LC, Proença M, Pitta F. Short‐term effects of using pedometers to increase daily physical activity in smokers. Respiratory Care 2012;57(7):1089‐97. - PubMed
Kurti 2014a {published data only}
    1. Kurti AN, Dallery J. Effects of exercise on craving and cigarette smoking in the human laboratory. Addictive Behaviors 2014;39(6):1131‐7. - PubMed
Kurti 2014b {published data only}
    1. Kurti AN, Dallery J. A laboratory‐based evaluation of exercise plus contingency management for reducing cigarette smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2014;144:201‐209. - PubMed
Leelarungrayub 2010 {published data only}
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Linke 2012 {published data only}
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Loprinzi 2015 {published data only}
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Luo 2019 {published data only}
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Mantoani 2014 {published data only}
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McClure 2009 {published data only}
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McIver 2004 {published data only}
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Mikhail 1983 {published data only}
    1. Mikhail C. The acute effects of aerobic exercise on cigarette smoking [Masters Thesis]. University of Lethbridge, Canada., 1983.
Nair 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nair US, Patterson F, Rodriguez D, Collins BN. A telephone‐based intervention to promote physical activity during smoking cessation: a randomized controlled proof‐of‐concept study. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2017;7(2):138–47. - PMC - PubMed
Nguyen 2012 {published data only}
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Oenema 2008 {published data only}
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Oh 2014 {published data only}
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Ortega Sanchez‐Pinilla 2006 {published data only}
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Pomerleau 1987 {published data only}
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Prapavessis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Prapavessis H, Jesus S, Harper T, Cramp A, Fitzgeorge L, Mottola MF, et al. The effects of acute exercise on tobacco cravings and withdrawal symptoms in temporary abstinent pregnant smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2014;39(3):703‐8. [CRS: 9400130000000505; EMBASE: 2014014988] - PMC - PubMed
Priebe 2017 {published data only}
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Prochaska 2008 {published data only}
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Ramsay 2004 {published data only}
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    1. Reeser KA. The effects of repeated aerobic and non‐aerobic exercise on cigarette smoking [Masters Thesis]. University of Alberta, Canada, 1983.
Reid 2014 {published data only}
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Roberts 2015 {published data only}
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Scerbo 2010 {published data only}
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    1. Schneider T, Jesus S, Prapavessis H. The effect of acute exercise on smoking topography: No evidence for cutting down one puff at a time. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2015;10:146‐53. [DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2014.2l] - DOI
Spring 2004 {published data only}
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Taylor 2005 {published data only}
    1. Taylor AH, Katomeri M, Ussher M. Acute effects of self‐paced walking on urges to smoke during temporary smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;181(1):1‐7. - PubMed
Taylor 2006a {published data only}
    1. Taylor AH, Katomeri M, Ussher M. Effects of walking on cigarette cravings and affect in the context of Nesbitt's paradox and the circumplex model. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2006;28:18‐31.
Taylor 2006b {published data only}
    1. Taylor AH, Katomeri M. Effects of a brisk walk on blood pressure responses to the Stroop, a speech task and a smoking cue among temporarily abstinent smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;184(2):247‐53. - PubMed
Taylor 2014 {published data only}
    1. Taylor AH, Thompson TP, Greaves CJ, Taylor RS, Green C, Warren FC, et al. A pilot randomised trial to assess the methods and procedures for evaluating the clinical effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of Exercise Assisted Reduction then Stop (EARS) among disadvantaged smokers. Health Technology Assessment 2014;18(4):1‐324. [CENTRAL: 978782; CRS: 9400050000000010; DOI: 10.3310/hta18040; EMBASE: 2014061892; PUBMED: 24433837] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Thayer 1993 {published data only}
    1. Thayer R, Peters D, Takahaski P, Birkhead‐Flight A. Mood and behaviour (smoking and sugar snacking) following moderate exercise: A partial test of self‐regulation theory. Personality and Individual Differences 1993;14:97‐104.
Toobert 2011 {published data only}
    1. Toobert DJ, Strycker LA, King DK, Barrera M Jr, Osuna D, Glasgow RE. Long‐term outcomes from a multiple‐risk‐factor diabetes trial for Latinas: ¡Viva Bien!. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2011;1(3):416‐26. - PMC - PubMed
Treviño 2014 {published data only}
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Trigwell 2014 {published data only}
    1. Trigwell J, McGee CE, Casstles H, Murphy RC, Porcellato LA, Ussher M, et al. Preventing smoking among nine to ten‐year‐old children using a novel school‐based physical activity intervention: Overview of SmokeFree Sports. Education and Health 2014;32:93‐102.
Tritter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tritter A, Fitzgeorge L, Prapavessis H. The effect of acute exercise on cigarette cravings while using a nicotine lozenge. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015;232(14):2531–9. - PubMed
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Ussher 2008 {published data only}
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Ussher 2009 {published data only}
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Vander Weg 2008 {published data only}
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Vickers 2009 {published data only}
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Williams 2010 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

Ciccolo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ciccolo JT, Williams DM, Dunsiger SI, Whitworth JW, McCullough AK, Bock BC, et al. Efficacy of resistance training as an aid to smoking cessation:rationale and design of the Strength to Quit study. Mental Health and Physical Activity 2014; Vol. 7:95‐103. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01951456. Resistance training as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01951456 (first received 26 September 2013).
NCT00921388 {published data only}
    1. NCT00921388. Exercise for smoking cessation in postmenopausal women. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00921388 (first received 16 June 2009). [CRS: 9400129000001195]
NCT02086149 {published data only}
    1. NCT02086149. Aerobic exercise for smokers with depressive symptomatology. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02086149 (first received 13 March 2014). [CRS: 9400129000001193]
Pavey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pavey TG, Gartner CE, Coombes JS, Brown WJ. Assessing the effectiveness of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for smoking cessation in women: HIIT to quit study protocol. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1309. - PMC - PubMed
Smits 2019 {published data only}
    1. Smits JA, Zvolensky MJ, Rosenfield D, Brown RA, Freeman SZ, Dutcher CD, et al. YMCA exercise intervention to augment smoking cessation treatment in adults with high anxiety sensitivity: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;77:1‐7. - PubMed
Tai‐Hing 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tai‐Hing L. Short‐bout Handgrip Exercise for Smoking Cessation (SHESC). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02844296 (first received 26 July 2016).
Vander Weg 2018 {published data only}
    1. Vander Weg MW, Coday M, Stockton MB, McClanahan B, Relyea G, Read MC, et al. Community‐based physical activity as adjunctive smoking cessation treatment: Rationale, design, and baseline data for the Lifestyle Enhancement Program (LEAP) randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2018;9:50‐9. - PMC - PubMed

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