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. 2020 Nov 5;71(8):1824-1835.
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1085.

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Incidence and Testing Among Patients in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), 2007-2017

Jun Li  1 , Carl Armon  2 , Frank J Palella  3 , Richard M Novak  4 , Douglas Ward  5 , Stacey Purinton  2 , Marcus Durham  1 , Kate Buchacz  1 ; HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators
Collaborators, Affiliations

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Incidence and Testing Among Patients in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), 2007-2017

Jun Li et al. Clin Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Although chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (GC) infections are increasing in the United States, there are limited data on their incidence, testing rates, and associated risk factors among persons living with HIV (PLWH), including by anatomic site among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods: We analyzed 2007-2017 medical records data from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Outpatient Study (HOPS) participants in care at 9 HIV clinics. We calculated CT (and GC) incidence and testing rates and assessed associations with sociodemographic and clinical factors using log-linear regression.

Results: Among 4727 PLWH, 397 had 881 CT infections and 331 had 861 GC infections, with an incidence of 2.95 and 2.88 per 100 person-years, respectively. From 2007 to 2017, incidence and testing rates increased by approximately 3.0- and 1.9-fold for CT and GC, respectively. Multivariable factors associated with incident CT (GC) included younger age, MSM, and prior diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Among 1159 MSM, 583 (50.3%) had 844 CT and 843 GC tests during 2016-2017, and 26.6% of tests were 3-site (urethra, rectum, and pharynx), yielding the highest rates of CT (GC) detection. Multivariable factors associated with CT (GC) testing included younger age, non-Hispanic/Latino black race, and having prior STDs.

Conclusions: Recent CT and GC incidence and testing increased among PLWH; however, only half of MSM were tested for CT or GC during 2016-2017 and less than a third of tests were 3-site. To promote sexual health and STD prevention among PLWH who are MSM, research regarding the added value of CT and GC testing across 3 anatomic sites is needed.

Keywords: HIV infection; chlamydia; gonorrhea; men who have sex with men; sexually transmitted diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

F. J. P. has been a consultant and/or served on the speaker’s bureau for Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Merck and Co, and ViiV. R. N. has received honoraria from Gilead Pharmaceuticals and ViiV Pharmaceuticals and grants from Merck Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Cohort selection flowchart, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), United States, 2007–2017.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Chlamydia (A) and gonorrhea (B) incidence and testing rates by year, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), United States, 2007–2017 (N = 4727).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Chlamydia and gonorrhea testing frequencies among men who have sex with men who underwent testing, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), United States, 1 October 2016 to 30 September 2017 (n = 583). Abbreviations: CT, chlamydia; GC, gonorrhea.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Chlamydia (n = 1376) and gonorrhea (n = 1374) positive results (%) by test anatomical site among men who have sex with men, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), United States, 1 October 2016 to 30 September 2017. Abbreviations: CT, chlamydia; GC, gonorrhea.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Chlamydia (n = 844) and gonorrhea (n = 843) positive (%) results by patient test dates among men who have sex with men, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), United States, 1 October 2016 to 30 September 2017. A patient test date was defined as a gonorrhea or chlamydia test (regardless of numbers of anatomic testing site) occurred on the same patient and the same day. Abbreviations: CT, chlamydia; GC, gonorrhea.
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References

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