Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Gavin Harper^{1

2

3}, Roberto Sommerville^{4

5

6}, Emma Kendrick^{4

5

7}, Laura Driscoll^{4

5

8}, Peter Slater^{4

5

8}, Rustam Stolkin^{4

5

7

9}, Allan Walton^{4

5

7}, Paul Christensen^{4

10}, Oliver Heidrich^{4

10

11}, Simon Lambert^{4

10}, Andrew Abbott^{4

12}, Karl Ryder^{4

12}, Linda Gaines¹³, Paul Anderson^{14

15

16}

Affiliations

¹ Faraday Institution, ReLiB Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. g.d.j.harper@bham.ac.uk.
² Birmingham Centre for Strategic Elements and Critical Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. g.d.j.harper@bham.ac.uk.
³ School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. g.d.j.harper@bham.ac.uk.
⁴ Faraday Institution, ReLiB Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁵ Birmingham Centre for Strategic Elements and Critical Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁶ School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁷ School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁸ School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁹ National Centre for Nuclear Robotics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁰ School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
¹¹ Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
¹² Materials Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
¹³ ReCell Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
¹⁴ Faraday Institution, ReLiB Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. p.a.anderson@bham.ac.uk.
¹⁵ Birmingham Centre for Strategic Elements and Critical Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. p.a.anderson@bham.ac.uk.
¹⁶ School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. p.a.anderson@bham.ac.uk.

PMID: 31695206
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5

Review

Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Gavin Harper et al. Nature. 2019 Nov.

. 2019 Nov;575(7781):75-86.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5. Epub 2019 Nov 6.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Faraday Institution, ReLiB Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. g.d.j.harper@bham.ac.uk.
² Birmingham Centre for Strategic Elements and Critical Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. g.d.j.harper@bham.ac.uk.
³ School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. g.d.j.harper@bham.ac.uk.
⁴ Faraday Institution, ReLiB Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁵ Birmingham Centre for Strategic Elements and Critical Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁶ School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁷ School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁸ School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁹ National Centre for Nuclear Robotics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁰ School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
¹¹ Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
¹² Materials Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
¹³ ReCell Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
¹⁴ Faraday Institution, ReLiB Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. p.a.anderson@bham.ac.uk.
¹⁵ Birmingham Centre for Strategic Elements and Critical Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. p.a.anderson@bham.ac.uk.
¹⁶ School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. p.a.anderson@bham.ac.uk.

PMID: 31695206
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5

Erratum in

Publisher Correction: Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles.
Harper G, Sommerville R, Kendrick E, Driscoll L, Slater P, Stolkin R, Walton A, Christensen P, Heidrich O, Lambert S, Abbott A, Ryder K, Gaines L, Anderson P. Harper G, et al. Nature. 2020 Feb;578(7794):E20. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1862-3. Nature. 2020. PMID: 31959987

Abstract

Rapid growth in the market for electric vehicles is imperative, to meet global targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to improve air quality in urban centres and to meet the needs of consumers, with whom electric vehicles are increasingly popular. However, growing numbers of electric vehicles present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end-of-life. Nevertheless, spent batteries may also present an opportunity as manufacturers require access to strategic elements and critical materials for key components in electric-vehicle manufacture: recycled lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles could provide a valuable secondary source of materials. Here we outline and evaluate the current range of approaches to electric-vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling and re-use, and highlight areas for future progress.

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References

1. International Energy Agency (IEA) Global EV Outlook 2018 (IEA, 2018).
1. Ahmadi, L., Young, S. B., Fowler, M., Fraser, R. A. & Achachlouei, M. A. A cascaded life cycle: reuse of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery packs in energy storage systems. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 22, 111–124 (2017).
1. Doughty, D. H. & Roth, E. P. A general discussion of Li ion battery safety. Electrochem. Soc. Interface 21, 37–44 (2012).
1. Kong, L., Li, C., Jiang, J. & Pecht, M. Li-ion battery fire hazards and safety strategies. Energies 11, 2191 (2018).
1. Rethink Waste https://www.rethinkwaste.org/uploads/media_items/111617-shoreway-operati... (Shoreway Operations and Contract Management, 2017).

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Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Affiliations

Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Authors

Affiliations

Erratum in

Abstract

References

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