Epidemiology of suicide: recent developments

Abstract

Suicide and suicide attempts have become more prevalent in recent years, with notable increases in the US in all age groups and geographic locations. Risk of suicide is particularly high among patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder or severe depression, especially when associated with mixed features or agitation, or with co-occurring substance abuse. Factors contributing to such risk include relative social and geographic isolation and low access to sources of support or clinical care. In addition, unemployment, poverty, demoralisation and opioid abuse have been identified as important risk factors. Notably, overall longevity rates in the US, though rising for many decades, have recently been declining, in part owing to suicide and substance overdoses. A particular circumstance associated with strikingly high rates of suicides and attempts is the days and weeks following discharge from psychiatric hospitalisation. Although the incidence of such events is low, there is a need for more secure aftercare planning and implementation. Research on therapeutics aimed at reducing suicidal risk and all-cause mortality among psychiatric patients remains severely under-developed.

Keywords: Diagnosis; location; prevention; psychiatric illness; risk factors; suicide rates.