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. 2019 Nov 7;16(22):4352.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16224352.

Early- and Late-Luteal-Phase Estrogen and Progesterone Levels of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Ju-Yu Yen  1   2   3 , Huang-Chi Lin  2   3 , Pai-Cheng Lin  1 , Tai-Ling Liu  3 , Cheng-Yu Long  4 , Chih-Hung Ko  2   3   5   6
Affiliations

Early- and Late-Luteal-Phase Estrogen and Progesterone Levels of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Ju-Yu Yen et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

: Objective/introduction: The dynamics of ovarian hormone fluctuations during the luteal phase of the menstruation cycle were previously suggested to contribute to the development of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) symptoms, but adequate empirical evidence has not been obtained from hormone concentration studies. We prospectively evaluated estrogen and progesterone levels in the early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) phases in women with PMDD and the association of these levels with PMDD symptom severity. Methods: 63 women with PMDD and 53 controls without such severe symptoms were evaluated for the estrogen and progesterone levels, and PMDD severity in the EL and LL phases. Results: The results demonstrated that the women with PMDD had a lower EL-phase estrogen level than the controls. Covariant analysis demonstrated that the interaction term between EL-phase estrogen and EL-phase progesterone level was associated with PMDD severity. Among women with lower EL estrogen levels, higher EL-phase progesterone was observed among the women with PMDD versus controls. These results suggest that low EL-phase estrogen level could moderate the provoking effect of EL progesterone in women with PMDD. Overall, these data suggest a possible role of estrogen and progesterone in the development of PMDD symptoms.

Keywords: PMDD; estrogen; luteal; progesterone; prospective; women.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors report no competing interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) estrogen and progesterone levels among premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) group and control group and those among low EL estrogen participants. *: p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.001; The PMDD group had lower EL and LL estrogen level than the control group; The PMDD group had a higher EL progesterone level than the control group among participants with lower estrogen (<203.9 pg/mL).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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