The application of virtual reality and augmented reality in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Abstract

Background: Virtual reality is the science of creating a virtual environment for the assessment of various anatomical regions of the body for the diagnosis, planning and surgical training. Augmented reality is the superimposition of a 3D real environment specific to individual patient onto the surgical filed using semi-transparent glasses to augment the virtual scene.. The aim of this study is to provide an over view of the literature on the application of virtual and augmented reality in oral & maxillofacial surgery.

Methods: We reviewed the literature and the existing database using Ovid MEDLINE search, Cochran Library and PubMed. All the studies in the English literature in the last 10 years, from 2009 to 2019 were included.

Results: We identified 101 articles related the broad application of virtual reality in oral & maxillofacial surgery. These included the following: Eight systematic reviews, 4 expert reviews, 9 case reports, 5 retrospective surveys, 2 historical perspectives, 13 manuscripts on virtual education and training, 5 on haptic technology, 4 on augmented reality, 10 on image fusion, 41 articles on the prediction planning for orthognathic surgery and maxillofacial reconstruction. Dental implantology and orthognathic surgery are the most frequent applications of virtual reality and augmented reality. Virtual planning improved the accuracy of inserting dental implants using either a statistic guidance or dynamic navigation. In orthognathic surgery, prediction planning and intraoperative navigation are the main applications of virtual reality. Virtual reality has been utilised to improve the delivery of education and the quality of training in oral & maxillofacial surgery by creating a virtual environment of the surgical procedure. Haptic feedback provided an additional immersive reality to improve manual dexterity and improve clinical training.

Conclusion: Virtual and augmented reality have contributed to the planning of maxillofacial procedures and surgery training. Few articles highlighted the importance of this technology in improving the quality of patients' care. There are limited prospective randomized studies comparing the impact of virtual reality with the standard methods in delivering oral surgery education.

Keywords: Augment reality; Haptic; Navigation; Oral surgery; Virtual reality.

Fig. 1

Demonstration of haptic technology of injection of the inferior dental nerve (taken from Anderson, P., Chapman, P., Ma, M. and Rea, P. (2013) Real-time medical visualization of human head and neck anatomy and its applications for dental training and simulation. Current Medical Imaging Reviews, 9(4), pp. 298–308

Fig. 2

Oculus Rift showing 3D digital data, the operating theatre, the leap motion sensor tracks the trainee’s hands to select items from the menu or apply a surgical instrument (PhD thesis of Yeshwanth Pulijala The University of Huddersfield, 2017)