Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2019 Nov 11;20(22):5624.
doi: 10.3390/ijms20225624.

Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype

Fulvia Ceccarelli  1 , Carlo Perricone  1 , Giulio Olivieri  1 , Enrica Cipriano  1 , Francesca Romana Spinelli  1 , Guido Valesini  1 , Fabrizio Conti  1
Affiliations
Review

Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype

Fulvia Ceccarelli et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The role of infective agents in autoimmune diseases (ADs) development has been historically investigated, but in the last years has been strongly reconsidered due to the interest in the link between the microbiome and ADs. Together with the gut, the skin microbiome is characterized by the presence of several microorganisms, potentially influencing innate and adaptive immune response. S. aureus is one of the most important components of the skin microbiome that can colonize anterior nares without clinical manifestations. Data from the literature demonstrates a significantly higher prevalence of nasal colonization in ADs patients in comparison with healthy subjects, suggesting a possible role in terms of disease development and phenotypes. Thus, in the present narrative review we focused on the mechanisms by which S. aureus could influence the immune response and on its relationship with ADs, in particular granulomatosis with polyangiitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; autoimmune diseases; colonization; pathogenesis; phenotype.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Host and bacterial factors influencing S. aureus nasal colonization.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic representation of interactions between nasal epithelium and immune response.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Ceccarelli F., Perricone C., Borgiani P., Ciccacci C., Rufini S., Cipriano E., Alessandri C., Spinelli F.R., Sili Scavalli A., Novelli G., et al. Genetic Factors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Contribution to Disease Phenotype. J. Immunol. Res. 2015;2015:745647. doi: 10.1155/2015/745647. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Perricone C., Ciccacci C., Ceccarelli F., Di Fusco D., Spinelli F.R., Cipriano E., Novelli G., Valesini G., Conti F., Borgiani P. TRAF3IP2 gene and systemic lupus erythematosus: Association with disease susceptibility and pericarditis development. Immunogenetics. 2013;65:703–709. doi: 10.1007/s00251-013-0717-6. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bach J.F. Infections and autoimmune diseases. J. Autoimmun. 2005;25:74–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.024. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Conti F., Ceccarelli F., Massaro L., Cipriano E., Di Franco M., Alessandri C., Spinelli F.R., Scrivo R. Biological therapies in rheumatic diseases. Clin. Ther. 2013;164:e413–e428. - PubMed
    1. Mastrangelo A., Colasanti T., Barbati C., Pecani A., Sabatinelli D., Pendolino M., Truglia S., Massaro L., Mancini R., Miranda F., et al. The Role of Posttranslational Protein Modifications in Rheumatological Diseases: Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Immunol. Res. 2015;2015:712490. doi: 10.1155/2015/712490. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms