The utility and determination of Pcrit in fishes

Abstract

The critical O₂ tension (P_crit) is the lowest P_O2 at which an animal can maintain some benchmark rate of O₂ uptake (Ṁ_O2 ). This P_O2 has long served as a comparator of hypoxia tolerance in fishes and aquatic invertebrates, but its usefulness in this role, particularly when applied to fishes, has recently been questioned. We believe that P_crit remains a useful comparator of hypoxia tolerance provided it is determined using the proper methods and hypoxia tolerance is clearly defined. Here, we review the available methods for each of the three steps of P_crit determination: (1) measuring the most appropriate benchmark Ṁ_O2 state for P_crit determination (Ṁ_O2,std, the Ṁ_O2 required to support standard metabolic rate); (2) reducing water P_O2 ; and (3) calculating P_crit from the Ṁ_O2 versus P_O2 curve. We make suggestions on best practices for each step and for how to report P_crit results to maximize their comparative value. We also discuss the concept of hypoxia tolerance and how P_crit relates to a fish's overall hypoxia tolerance. When appropriate methods are used, P_crit provides useful comparative physiological and ecological information about the aerobic contributions to a fish's hypoxic survival. When paired with other hypoxia-related physiological measurements (e.g. lactate accumulation, calorimetry-based measurements of metabolic depression, loss-of-equilibrium experiments), P_crit contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how a fish combines aerobic metabolism, anaerobic metabolism and metabolic depression in an overall strategy for hypoxia tolerance.

Keywords: Critical oxygen tension; Fish; Hypoxia; Pcrit; Respirometry; Standard metabolic rate.