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Review
. 2019 Oct 14:2019:6843895.
doi: 10.1155/2019/6843895. eCollection 2019.

Hypertension and Its Impact on Stroke Recovery: From a Vascular to a Parenchymal Overview

Benjamin Maïer  1 , Nathalie Kubis  2   3   4
Affiliations
Review

Hypertension and Its Impact on Stroke Recovery: From a Vascular to a Parenchymal Overview

Benjamin Maïer et al. Neural Plast. .

Abstract

Hypertension is the first modifiable vascular risk factor accounting for 10.4 million deaths worldwide; it is strongly and independently associated with the risk of stroke and is related to worse prognosis. In addition, hypertension seems to be a key player in the implementation of vascular cognitive impairment. Long-term hypertension, complicated or not by the occurrence of ischemic stroke, is often reviewed on its vascular side, and parenchymal consequences are put aside. Here, we sought to review the impact of isolated hypertension or hypertension associated to stroke on brain atrophy, neuron connectivity and neurogenesis, and phenotype modification of microglia and astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the impact of antihypertensive therapies on cell responses to hypertension and functional recovery. This attractive topic remains a focus of continued investigation and stresses the relevance of including this vascular risk factor in preclinical investigations of stroke outcome.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Nonvascular consequences of long-term hypertension and after IS. After IS, hypertension promotes a proinflammatory state by polarizing microglia into a M1-phenotype, thus leading to an astrocyte dysfunction and a decreased neurogenesis and increased neuronal death. Overall, hypertension and IS lead to worse functional outcome and vascular cognitive impairment after IS. On the abscissa level, the age corresponds to the average age of hypertension development and first stroke. MPF: medial prefrontal cortex; AQP4: aquaporine 4; NO: nitric oxide; IL: interleukin; PVN: paraventricular nucleus; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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