Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Is Associated With Acute Kidney Injury in High-Risk Patients After Cardiac Surgery

Abstract

Background: Acute kidney injury is a common complication after cardiac surgery, with a high impact on morbidity and mortality. Vascular adhesion protein-1 is involved in inflammation, which, in turn, is part of the development of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.

Methods: In this ancillary study to the RENal effects of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in cardiac surgery trial, we investigated whether vascular adhesion protein-1 might be associated with the development of acute kidney injury in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery. In total, 114 patients were included in this data set. Acute kidney injury was defined by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria serum creatinine and/or urine output. Vascular adhesion protein-1 concentrations were measured at baseline (before surgery), 4 hours, and 12 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Results: Vascular adhesion protein-1 levels at 12 hours were significantly higher in patients with acute kidney injury (no acute kidney injury, 271 ng/mL [Q1, Q3, 179, 364 ng/mL] versus acute kidney injury, 384 ng/mL [Q1, Q3, 311, 478 ng/mL]; P < .001). Moreover, patients developing acute kidney injury had higher differences in vascular adhesion protein-1 levels between 12 hours and baseline (P < .001) and between 12 and 4 hours (P < .001) after cardiopulmonary bypass. At a cut point difference value of 99 ng/mL (95% CI, 63-133) between 12 hours and baseline, patients with differences >99 ng/mL showed a higher occurrence rate of acute kidney injury (acute kidney injury, 78.6% versus no acute kidney injury, 31.5%; P < .001). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated best performance for vascular adhesion protein-1 levels at 12 hours for acute kidney injury within 72 hours after surgery, especially in the subgroup of patients with chronic kidney disease (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, 0.78; P < .001).

Conclusions: Vascular adhesion protein-1 is elevated in patients developing acute kidney injury assuming that vascular adhesion protein-1 plays a crucial role in the development of acute kidney injury in high-risk patients after cardiac surgery.