TH1/TH2 chemokines/cytokines profile in rats treated with tetanus toxoid and Euphorbia tirucalli

Essam H Ibrahim^{1

2}, Mona Kilany^{3

4}, Osama M S Mostafa^{1

5}, Kamel H Shaker^{6

7}, Mohammed Alshehri¹, Khalid M Alsyaad¹, Ali Alshehri¹, Khalid Ali Khan^{1

8}, Muhammad Qasim⁹, Nahla Kotb², Abeer S Alahmari¹⁰, Hamed A Ghramh^{1

8

11}, Saad M Dajem¹

Affiliations

¹ Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
² Blood Products Quality Control and Research Department, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo, Egypt.
³ Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dhahran Al Janoub, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt.
⁵ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
⁶ Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical Industrial Div, National Research Center, El-Behoos St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
⁸ Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
¹⁰ Biology Department, Girls Section, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 31762649
PMCID: PMC6864399
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.005

TH1/TH2 chemokines/cytokines profile in rats treated with tetanus toxoid and Euphorbia tirucalli

Essam H Ibrahim et al. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019 Nov.

. 2019 Nov;26(7):1716-1723.

doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.005. Epub 2018 Aug 18.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
² Blood Products Quality Control and Research Department, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo, Egypt.
³ Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dhahran Al Janoub, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt.
⁵ Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
⁶ Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical Industrial Div, National Research Center, El-Behoos St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
⁸ Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
¹⁰ Biology Department, Girls Section, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
¹¹ Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 31762649
PMCID: PMC6864399
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.005

Abstract

Natural products, including their purified materials, play a remarkable role in drug development. The Euphorbiaceae family, mainly Euphorbia tirucalli, is used in some traditional medicine, and has evidence that its latex comprises immunomodulatory properties and cytokine production. This study aimed to measure the in vivo production of chemokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, and RANTES), T_H1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-2) and T_H2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) in rats after treatments with ethanol latex extract of E. tirucalli. Vaccine treated and untreated rats were divided into seven groups to assess antimicrobial activities of the extracted components. After completion of the treatment schedule, blood was withdrawn and sera were collected. The results showed that the main component of the extract was a euphol compound. The extract showed antimicrobial activity and had the ability to modulate innate and adaptive immunity. Animals treated with extract for only 7 days before vaccination showed higher levels of antibody production. The extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. The extract could stimulate both adaptive and innate immunity. Pre-treatment with the extract increased immune responses in vaccinated animals, indicating the usefulness of the extract before immunization.

Keywords: Cytokines; Euphorbia tirucalli; Immunity; Plant extract; Tetanus vaccine.

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Figures

**Fig. 1**
¹H NMR (A) and ¹³C NMR (B) spectra of the plant extract.

**Fig. 2**
Antimicrobial activity of *E. tirucalli* plant extract against *Klebsiella pneumoniae* (A), *Shigella dysenteriae* (B), *Proteus mirabilis* (C), *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* (D), *Bacillus subtilis* (E), *Micrococcus* sp. (F), *Staphylococcus aureus* (G), and *Candida* albicans (H).

**Fig. 3**
T_H1 type cytokines level in different treated groups. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.001.

**Fig. 4**
T_H2 type cytokines level in different treated groups. * = p < 0.05 ** = p < 0.001.

**Fig. 5**
Chemokines level in different treated groups. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.001.

**Fig. 6**
Anti-tetanus toxoid antibody levels in different treated groups. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.001.

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TH1/TH2 chemokines/cytokines profile in rats treated with tetanus toxoid and Euphorbia tirucalli

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TH1/TH2 chemokines/cytokines profile in rats treated with tetanus toxoid and Euphorbia tirucalli

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