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. 2020 May;65(3):715-721.
doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14242. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Distribution of Chemical Phenotypes (Chemotypes) in European Agricultural Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars

Eduviges Borroto Fernandez  1 , Verena Peterseil  1 , Gerald Hackl  1 , Sonja Menges  2 , Etienne de Meijer  3 , Christina Staginnus  4
Affiliations

Distribution of Chemical Phenotypes (Chemotypes) in European Agricultural Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars

Eduviges Borroto Fernandez et al. J Forensic Sci. 2020 May.

Abstract

In Europe, more than 50 approved cultivars of fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) are in agricultural production. Their content of psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is legally restricted to <0.2% (%w/w in the dry, mature inflorescences). Cannabis strains with much higher THC contents are also grown, illegally or under license for drug production. Differentiation between these two groups relies on biochemical quantification of cannabinoid contents in mature floral material. For nonflowering material or tissue devoid of cannabinoids, the genetic prediction of the chemical phenotype (chemotype) provides a suitable method of distinction. Three discrete chemotypes, depending on the ratio of THC and the noneuphoric cannabidiol (CBD), can be distinguished: a "THC-predominant" type, a "CBD-predominant" type, and an intermediate chemotype. We present a systematic genetic prediction of chemotypes of 62 agricultural hemp cultivars grown in Europe. The survey reveals the presence of up to 35% BT allele-carrying individuals (representing either a THC-predominant or an intermediate chemotype) in some cultivars-which is unexpected considering the legal THC limit of 0.2% THC. The fact that 100% of the seized drug-type seeds in this study revealed at least one BT allele, reflects that plant breeding efforts have resulted in a fixation of the BT allele in recreational Cannabis. To guarantee a sincere forensic application based on a genetic chemotype prediction, we recommend not to classify material of unknown origin if the samples size is below nine genetically independent individuals.

Keywords: BT allele; CBD; Cannabis sativa L.; European agricultural hemp cultivar; THC; THCA synthase; cannabidiol; chemotype; forensic science; genetic prediction of chemotypes; locus B genotype; tetrahydrocannabinol.

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