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. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224499.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224499. eCollection 2019.

Indirect violence exposure and mental health symptoms among an urban public-school population: Prevalence and correlates

Erica L Gollub  1 , Jakevia Green  2 , Lisa Richardson  2 , Ilyssa Kaplan  3 , Denese Shervington  2   4
Affiliations

Indirect violence exposure and mental health symptoms among an urban public-school population: Prevalence and correlates

Erica L Gollub et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Available literature identifies the need for a deeper understanding of the role of gender, age and socioeconomic status in children's exposure to violence and associations with mental health (MH) outcomes. The 1548 participants for this study were enrolled from 28 public charter schools and 9 community-based settings; youth were administered a screener that assessed exposure to traumatic events and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Respondents reported extremely high levels of exposure to indirect violence: 41.7% witnessed shooting/stabbing/beating; 18.3% witnessed murder; and 53.8% experienced the murder of someone close. Frequency of adverse MH outcomes was high: 21.2% screened positive for depression; 45.7% for lifetime PTSD; and 26.9% for current PTSD. More males than females reported witnessing shooting/stabbing/beating (p = .04); females more often reported experiencing the murder of someone close (p = .001). Indirect violence exposure generally increased with age. Youth attending schools with ≥90% free/reduced lunch participation (FRLP) showed significantly higher levels of violence exposure compared to youth in schools with <90% FRLP. Females endorsed significantly higher levels of depression (21.4% vs. 9.7%), and lifetime (53.9% vs. 34.9%) and current (32.5% vs. 19.6%) PTSD, compared with males (p < .0001, all comparisons). Female sex (aOR = 2.6), FRLP (aOR = 1.4 for ≥90% vs. <90%) and the number of different indirect violence exposures (aORs from 1.3 to 10.4), were significantly associated with a positive screen for any adverse MH outcome. Our data add important insights into gender heterogeneity of viewed violence, mental health symptoms, and their association-all of which are critical to guiding effective intervention efforts.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Consort diagram of BY-LA emotional wellness screener (EWS) completion.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Symptomatology of depression and/or PTSD among males and females at age 11 and age 14.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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