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. 2019 Nov 27;4(4):138.
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040138.

The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia

Sukanta Chowdhury  1 , Mohammad Enayet Hossain  1 , Probir Kumar Ghosh  1 , Sumon Ghosh  1 , Muhammad Belal Hossain  1 , Cindy Beard  2 , Mahmudur Rahman  1 , Mohammed Ziaur Rahman  1
Affiliations

The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia

Sukanta Chowdhury et al. Trop Med Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has caused severe illnesses in poultry and in humans. More than 15,000 outbreaks in domestic birds from 2005 to 2018 and 861 human cases from 2003 to 2019 were reported across the world to OIE (Office International des Epizooties) and WHO (World Health Organization), respectively. We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of HPAI outbreaks in South Asia. During January 2006 to June 2019, a total of 1063 H5N1 outbreaks in birds and 12 human cases for H5N1 infection were reported to OIE and WHO, respectively. H5N1 outbreaks were detected more in the winter season than the summer season (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 4.28-6.1). Commercial poultry were three times more likely to be infected with H5N1 than backyard poultry (RR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.99-4.01). The highest number of H5N1 outbreaks was reported in 2008, and the smallest numbers were reported in 2014 and 2015. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses and multiple clades of H5N1 virus were detected. Early detection and reporting of HPAI viruses are needed to control and eliminate HPAI in South Asia.

Keywords: H5N1; Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses; South Asia; human; poultry.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Reported H5N1 outbreaks in South Asia by country, January 2006 to June 2019.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Spatial distribution of H5N1 outbreaks in South Asia, January 2006 to June 2019.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in South Asian countries by month, January 2006 to June 2019.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Country and month-wise H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and birds in South Asia, January 2006 to June 2019 (for six countries separately). The numbers given in y-axis correspond to the number of H5N1 outbreaks.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Country and month-wise H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and birds in South Asia, January 2006 to June 2019 (for six countries separately). The numbers given in y-axis correspond to the number of H5N1 outbreaks.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Distribution ofH5N1 outbreaks in poultry and birds in South Asian countries by year, January 2006 to June 2019.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Phylogenetic tree based on the HA gene of H5N1 viruses in poultry in South Asia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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