Effect of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise, or Both, on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolism in Obese Older Adults While Dieting: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Weight loss therapy of older adults with obesity is limited by weight loss-induced decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), which could exacerbate ongoing age-related bone loss and increase the risk for fractures. Therefore, it is recommended that weight loss therapy of older adults with obesity should include an intervention such as regular exercise to reduce the concomitant bone loss. However, the most appropriate exercise types to combine with weight loss therapy in this older population is unknown. In a randomized controlled trial, we performed a head-to-head comparison of aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, during matched ~10% weight loss in 160 older adults with obesity. We measured changes in BMD (total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, one-third radius, lumbar spine) and bone markers. Changes between groups were analyzed using mixed-model repeated measures analyses of variance. After 6 months of intensive lifestyle interventions, BMD decreased less in the resistance group (-0.006 g/cm² [-0.7%]) and combination group (-0.012 g/cm² [-1.1%]) than in the aerobic group (-0.027 g/cm² [-2.6%]) (p = 0.001 for between-group comparisons). Serum C-telopeptide, procollagen type 1 N-propeptide, and osteocalcin concentrations increased more in the aerobic group (33%, 16%, and 16%, respectively) than in the resistance group (7%, 2%, and 0%, respectively) and combination group (11%, 2%, and 5%, respectively) (p = 0.004 to 0.048 for between-group comparisons). Multiple regression analyses revealed that the decline in whole body mass and serum leptin were the independent predictors of the decline in hip BMD (multiple R = 0.45 [p < .001]). These findings indicate that compared with aerobic exercise, resistance and combined aerobic and resistance exercise are associated with less weight loss-induced decrease in hip BMD and less weight loss-induced increase in bone turnover. Therefore, both resistance and combined aerobic and resistance exercise can be recommended to protect against bone loss during weight loss therapy of older adults with obesity. (LITOE ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01065636.) © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Keywords: AGING; BONE-FAT INTERACTIONS; CLINICAL TRIALS; EXERCISE; NUTRITION.

Fig. 1.

Mean percentage changes from baseline in bone mineral density at the (A) total hip, (B) femoral neck, (C) trochanter, (D) intertrochanter, (E) lumbar spine, and (F) one-third radius during the interventions. *p < 0.05 for the comparison of the value from the control group; †p < 0.05 for the comparison of the value from the aerobic group. I bars indicate standard errors.

Fig. 2.

Mean percentage changes from baseline in serum (A) C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), (B) intact N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), and (C) osteocalcin (OSC) during the interventions. *p < 0.05 for the comparison of the value from the control group; †p < 0.05 for the comparison of the value from the aerobic group. I bars indicate standard errors.