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. 2019 Nov 8:10:1062.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01062. eCollection 2019.

Grape Flavonoid Evolution and Composition Under Altered Light and Temperature Conditions in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.)

Erna H Blancquaert  1 , Anita Oberholster  2 , Jorge M Ricardo-da-Silva  3 , Alain J Deloire  4
Affiliations

Grape Flavonoid Evolution and Composition Under Altered Light and Temperature Conditions in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.)

Erna H Blancquaert et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

The evolution of flavonoids under altered temperature and light conditions in the fruit zone was followed in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes during ripening. The study was conducted over two consecutive seasons in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 comprising two main treatments in which the light quantity was manipulated in the bunch zone: (1) standard (STD) with no lateral shoot or leaf removal and (2) leaf removal west (LRW) treatment with leaf removal on the western side of the bunch zone. Furthermore, the light quality was altered by installing ultraviolet B-suppression sheets within the bunch zone in both seasons. Tannin evolution was dependent on the prevailing light quality/quantity and temperatures during berry development in a particular season. Grape seed tannin accumulation coincided with seed development and commenced at the early stages of berry development. Seed proanthocyanidin composition was not influenced by the treatments. The largest impact on proanthocyanidin accumulation and structure in the skin was due to seasonal variations highlighting the complex interaction between light quality and/or quantity across the two growing seasons and eventually the complex interaction with temperature. Flavonol accumulation was significantly influenced by the light quality, which is known to be the main abiotic driver of flavonol biosynthesis regulation. Anthocyanin concentration and content were largely dependent on the temperature and light quality in a particular season. Anthocyanin composition was altered by the season rather than the treatment.

Keywords: Cabernet Sauvignon; PAR; anthocyanins; flavonols; light quality; light quantity; tannin; temperature.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Total soluble solids and sugar accumulation determined in days after anthesis (DAA). (A) 2010/2011 TSS accumulation, (B) 2010/2011 sugar accumulation, (C) 2011/2012 TSS accumulation and (D) 2011/2012 sugar accumulaiton in 2011/2012. mEach value represents the mean of 3 replicates ± standard error (Blancquaert, 2015).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Correlation analysis showing clustered image maps of the correlation between grape seed and skin composition during ripening. (A) 2010-2011 grape seed and skin flavan-3-ol evolution during ripening (B) 2011-2012 grape seed and skin flavan-3-ol evolution during ripening, (C) 2010-2011 grape seed and skin compoition during ripening and (D) 2011-2012 grape seed and skin composition during ripening.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Correlation analysis showing clustered image maps of the correlation between flavonol and anthocyanin composition during ripening.
Figure 4
Figure 4
PCA loading and scores plots of the tannins and flavonols throughout both seasons. (A) PCA loading plot of tannins and flavonols. (B) PCA scores plot according to the variable distribution by phenological stage. (C) PCA scores plot according to the variable distribution by treatment.
Figure 5
Figure 5
PCA loading and scores plots of the anthocyanins throughout both seasons. (A) PCA loading plot of anthocyanins. (B) PCA scores plot according to the variable distribution by phenological stage.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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