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Meta-Analysis
. 2019 Dec 6;12(12):CD003907.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003907.pub5.

Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease

Nicoline Bm Voet  1   2 , Elly L van der Kooi  3 , Baziel Gm van Engelen  4 , Alexander Ch Geurts  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Strength training and aerobic exercise training for muscle disease

Nicoline Bm Voet et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Strength training or aerobic exercise programmes, or both, might optimise muscle and cardiorespiratory function and prevent additional disuse atrophy and deconditioning in people with a muscle disease. This is an update of a review first published in 2004 and last updated in 2013. We undertook an update to incorporate new evidence in this active area of research.

Objectives: To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of strength training and aerobic exercise training in people with a muscle disease.

Search methods: We searched Cochrane Neuromuscular's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL in November 2018 and clinical trials registries in December 2018.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs or cross-over RCTs comparing strength or aerobic exercise training, or both lasting at least six weeks, to no training in people with a well-described muscle disease diagnosis.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: We included 14 trials of aerobic exercise, strength training, or both, with an exercise duration of eight to 52 weeks, which included 428 participants with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), dermatomyositis, polymyositis, mitochondrial myopathy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), or myotonic dystrophy. Risk of bias was variable, as blinding of participants was not possible, some trials did not blind outcome assessors, and some did not use an intention-to-treat analysis. Strength training compared to no training (3 trials) For participants with FSHD (35 participants), there was low-certainty evidence of little or no effect on dynamic strength of elbow flexors (MD 1.2 kgF, 95% CI -0.2 to 2.6), on isometric strength of elbow flexors (MD 0.5 kgF, 95% CI -0.7 to 1.8), and ankle dorsiflexors (MD 0.4 kgF, 95% CI -2.4 to 3.2), and on dynamic strength of ankle dorsiflexors (MD -0.4 kgF, 95% CI -2.3 to 1.4). For participants with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (35 participants), there was very low-certainty evidence of a slight improvement in isometric wrist extensor strength (MD 8.0 N, 95% CI 0.7 to 15.3) and of little or no effect on hand grip force (MD 6.0 N, 95% CI -6.7 to 18.7), pinch grip force (MD 1.0 N, 95% CI -3.3 to 5.3) and isometric wrist flexor force (MD 7.0 N, 95% CI -3.4 to 17.4). Aerobic exercise training compared to no training (5 trials) For participants with DMD there was very low-certainty evidence regarding the number of leg revolutions (MD 14.0, 95% CI -89.0 to 117.0; 23 participants) or arm revolutions (MD 34.8, 95% CI -68.2 to 137.8; 23 participants), during an assisted six-minute cycle test, and very low-certainty evidence regarding muscle strength (MD 1.7, 95% CI -1.9 to 5.3; 15 participants). For participants with FSHD, there was low-certainty evidence of improvement in aerobic capacity (MD 1.1 L/min, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.8, 38 participants) and of little or no effect on knee extension strength (MD 0.1 kg, 95% CI -0.7 to 0.9, 52 participants). For participants with dermatomyositis and polymyositis (14 participants), there was very low-certainty evidence regarding aerobic capacity (MD 14.6, 95% CI -1.0 to 30.2). Combined aerobic exercise and strength training compared to no training (6 trials) For participants with juvenile dermatomyositis (26 participants) there was low-certainty evidence of an improvement in knee extensor strength on the right (MD 36.0 N, 95% CI 25.0 to 47.1) and left (MD 17 N 95% CI 0.5 to 33.5), but low-certainty evidence of little or no effect on maximum force of hip flexors on the right (MD -9.0 N, 95% CI -22.4 to 4.4) or left (MD 6.0 N, 95% CI -6.6 to 18.6). This trial also provided low-certainty evidence of a slight decrease of aerobic capacity (MD -1.2 min, 95% CI -1.6 to 0.9). For participants with dermatomyositis and polymyositis (21 participants), we found very low-certainty evidence for slight increases in muscle strength as measured by dynamic strength of knee extensors on the right (MD 2.5 kg, 95% CI 1.8 to 3.3) and on the left (MD 2.7 kg, 95% CI 2.0 to 3.4) and no clear effect in isometric muscle strength of eight different muscles (MD 1.0, 95% CI -1.1 to 3.1). There was very low-certainty evidence that there may be an increase in aerobic capacity, as measured with time to exhaustion in an incremental cycle test (17.5 min, 95% CI 8.0 to 27.0) and power performed at VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) (18 W, 95% CI 15.0 to 21.0). For participants with mitochondrial myopathy (18 participants), we found very low-certainty evidence regarding shoulder muscle (MD -5.0 kg, 95% CI -14.7 to 4.7), pectoralis major muscle (MD 6.4 kg, 95% CI -2.9 to 15.7), and anterior arm muscle strength (MD 7.3 kg, 95% CI -2.9 to 17.5). We found very low-certainty evidence regarding aerobic capacity, as measured with mean time cycled (MD 23.7 min, 95% CI 2.6 to 44.8) and mean distance cycled until exhaustion (MD 9.7 km, 95% CI 1.5 to 17.9). One trial in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (35 participants) did not provide data on muscle strength or aerobic capacity following combined training. In this trial, muscle strength deteriorated in one person and one person had worse daytime sleepiness (very low-certainty evidence). For participants with FSHD (16 participants), we found very low-certainty evidence regarding muscle strength, aerobic capacity and VO2 peak; the results were very imprecise. Most trials reported no adverse events other than muscle soreness or joint complaints (low- to very low-certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: The evidence regarding strength training and aerobic exercise interventions remains uncertain. Evidence suggests that strength training alone may have little or no effect, and that aerobic exercise training alone may lead to a possible improvement in aerobic capacity, but only for participants with FSHD. For combined aerobic exercise and strength training, there may be slight increases in muscle strength and aerobic capacity for people with dermatomyositis and polymyositis, and a slight decrease in aerobic capacity and increase in muscle strength for people with juvenile dermatomyositis. More research with robust methodology and greater numbers of participants is still required.

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Conflict of interest statement

E van der Kooi carried out a randomised controlled trial (RCT) on the effect of strength training and albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD; Van der Kooi 2004).

NBM Voet received grant support from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Princess Beatrix Muscle Fund (PBS), and the Dutch FSHD Foundation.

NBM Voet, BGM van Engelen and ACH Geurts carried out a RCT on the effect of aerobic exercise in FSHD (Voet 2014).

BGM van Engelen was research director of the European Neuromuscular Centre and receives institutional support from the Radboud University Medical Centre and the ENMC, grant support from European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Murab), European Union 7th Framework Programme (OPTIMISTIC), the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Global FSH, Prinses Beatrix Fonds, Spieren voor Spieren, Association Francaise contre les Myopathies, and the Dutch FSHD Foundation. He is consultant and clinical advisor of Fulcrum.

ACH Geurts receives institutional support from the Radboud University Medical Centre, and grant support from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Princess Beatrix Muscle Fund (PBS), and the Dutch FSHD Foundation.

Figures

1
1
Study selection flow diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item for each included study
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each 'Risk of bias' item presented as percentages across all included studies
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Strength training versus no training in myotonic dystrophy, Outcome 1 Muscle strength: hand grip force (N).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Strength training versus no training in myotonic dystrophy, Outcome 2 Muscle strength: pinch grip force (N).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Strength training versus no training in myotonic dystrophy, Outcome 3 Muscle strength: isometric wrist flexor force (N).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Strength training versus no training in myotonic dystrophy, Outcome 4 Muscle strength: isometric wrist extensor force (N).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 1 Muscle strength elbow flexors ‐ maximum voluntary isometric contraction (kgF).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 2 Muscle strength elbow flexors ‐ dynamic strength (kgF).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 3 Muscle strength ankle dorsiflexors ‐ maximum isometric voluntary contraction (kgF).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 4 Muscle strength ankle dorsiflexors ‐ dynamic strength (kgF).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 5 Muscle endurance elbow flexors ‐ 30 s maximal isometric contraction (kgF‐s).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 6 Muscle endurance ankle dorsiflexors ‐ 30 s maximal isometric contraction (kgF‐s).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Aerobic exercise training versus no training in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, Outcome 1 Aerobic capacity (mL/min/kg).
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Aerobic exercise training versus no training in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, Outcome 2 Functional assessment ‐ Functional Assessment Screening Questionnaire.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Aerobic exercise training versus no training in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, Outcome 3 Creatine kinase and aldolase serum level.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 1 MRC (sum scores).
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 2 MRC score lower limb (0‐5).
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 3 MRC score upper limb (0‐5).
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 4 Assisted 6‐min cycle test (revolutions legs).
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 5 Assisted 6‐min cycle test (revolutions arms).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 6 Motor Function Measure total (0‐100%).
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 7 Motor Function Measure D1 (0‐100%).
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 8 Motor Function Measure D2 (0‐100%).
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 9 Motor Function Measure D3 (0‐100%).
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 10 Rise from floor (s).
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 11 10‐m run (s).
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 Aerobic exercise versus no training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Outcome 12 9‐hole peg test (s).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 1 Maximum voluntary isometric knee extension strength.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 2 Maximum voluntary isometric knee extension strength.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 3 Maximum voluntary isometric knee flexion strength (N).
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 4 Maximum voluntary isometric elbow flexion strength (N).
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 5 Maximum voluntary isometric elbow extension strength (N).
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 6 Muscle strength leg (N).
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 7 Muscle strength arm (N).
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 8 Maximal workload (W).
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 9 Maximal workload (W).
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 10 VO2 peak (mL/min/kg).
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 11 VO2 peak (mL/min/kg).
5.12
5.12. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 12 VO2 peak (L/min).
5.13
5.13. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 13 Distance walked in 6‐min walk test (m).
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 14 Distance walked in 6‐min walk test (m).
5.15
5.15. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 15 Distance walked in 6‐min walk test (m).
5.16
5.16. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 16 5‐times sit to stand (s).
5.17
5.17. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 17 Quality of life ‐ Sickness Impact Profile (0‐572).
5.18
5.18. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 18 Pain ‐ visual analogue scale (0‐10).
5.19
5.19. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 19 Fatigue.
5.20
5.20. Analysis
Comparison 5 Aerobic exercise versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 20 Fatigue.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 1 Muscle strength shoulder press ‐ maximum dynamic isotonic voluntary contraction (kg).
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 2 Muscle strength butterfly ‐ maximum dynamic isotonic voluntary contraction (kg).
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 3 Muscle strength biceps curls ‐ maximum isotonic dynamic voluntary contraction (kg).
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 4 Work capacity ‐ mean time until exhaustion in cycle test (min).
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 5 Work capacity ‐ mean distance until exhaustion in cycle test (km).
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 6 Work capacity ‐ mean distance walked until exhaustion in shuttle walking test (m).
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 7 VO2 max in maximal incremental cycle exercise test (L/min).
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 8 Quality of life ‐ NHP 0‐100.
6.9
6.9. Analysis
Comparison 6 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in mitochondrial myopathy, Outcome 9 Myoglobin.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus control in myotonic dystrophy type 1, Outcome 1 Distance walked in 6‐minute walk test (m).
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus control in myotonic dystrophy type 1, Outcome 2 Timed‐stands test (s).
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus control in myotonic dystrophy type 1, Outcome 3 Timed‐up‐and‐go tests (s).
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 1 Manual muscle strength testing in 8 muscle groups (MMT‐8).
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 2 5 voluntary repetition maximum in knee extensors, right (kg).
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 3 5 voluntary repetition maximum in knee extensors, left (kg).
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 4 Power performed at VO2 max (W).
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 5 Time to exhaustion in endurance cycling test (min).
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 6 VO2 max.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 7 Disease‐specific functional index 0‐64.
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 8 Quality of life ‐ Physical function.
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 9 Quality of life ‐ SF‐36 General health 0‐100.
8.10
8.10. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 10 Quality of life ‐ SF‐36 Vitality 0‐100.
8.11
8.11. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 11 Quality of life ‐ SF‐36 Mental Health 0‐100.
8.12
8.12. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 12 Quality of life ‐ NHP Energy 0‐100.
8.13
8.13. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 13 Quality of life ‐ NHP Pain 0‐100.
8.14
8.14. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 14 Quality of life ‐ NHP Sleep 0‐100.
8.15
8.15. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 15 Quality of life ‐ NHP Social 0‐100.
8.16
8.16. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 16 Quality of life ‐ NHP Emotional 0‐100.
8.17
8.17. Analysis
Comparison 8 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Outcome 17 Quality of life ‐ NHP Physical 0‐100.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 1 MVC quadriceps at rest (Nm).
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 2 Voluntary activation at rest (%).
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 3 Maximal aerobic power (W).
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 4 Muscle endurance (number of repetitions).
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 5 VO2 peak (mL/min/kg).
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 6 Distance walked in 6‐min walk test (m).
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 7 Quality of life ‐ General Health ‐ SF‐36 0‐100.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Outcome 8 Fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale) 9‐63.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 1 Max force right knee extensors (N).
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 2 Max force left knee extensors (N).
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 3 Max force right hip flexors (N).
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 4 Max force left hip flexors (N).
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 5 Endurance time during maximal exercise test (min).
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 6 VO2 peak (mL/kg/min).
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 7 Distance of standing long jump (cm).
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 8 Number of push‐ups in 30 s.
10.9
10.9. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 9 Number of sit‐ups in 30 s.
10.10
10.10. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 10 Time wall sit (max: 60 s).
10.11
10.11. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 11 Time V‐up (max: 60 s).
10.12
10.12. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 12 Distance walked in 6‐min walk test (m).
10.13
10.13. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 13 Quality of life ‐ PedsQL Generic Core Scale patient form, total score 0‐100.
10.14
10.14. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 14 Muscle pain (10‐cm VAS).
10.15
10.15. Analysis
Comparison 10 Aerobic exercise and strength training versus no training in juvenile dermatomyositis, Outcome 15 Perception of fatigue ‐ PedsQL Multidimensional fatigue scale 0‐100.
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References

References to studies included in this review

Aldehag 2013 {published data only}
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    1. Jansen M, Alfen N, Geurts AC, Groot IJ. Assisted bicycle training delays physical deterioration in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: results of the randomized controlled trial "no use is disuse". Neuromuscular Disorders 2011;21:658. [EMBASE: 71943412]
Kierkegaard 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kierkaard M, Harms‐RIngdahl K, Edstrom L, Widen Holmqvist L, Tollback A. Feasibility and effects of a physical exercise programme in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1: a randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2011;43(8):695‐702. [PUBMED: 21670942] - PubMed
    1. Kierkegaard M, Harms‐Ringdahl K, Widen Holmqvist L, Edstrom L, Tollback A. Compliance and feasibility of a physical exercise programme in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2011;97:eS608‐eS609. [EMBASE: 71883003] - PubMed
    1. Kierkegaard M, Widen Holmqvist L. Effects of a physical exercise programme in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1 ‐ a one‐year follow‐up study. Neuromuscular Disorders 2012;22(9‐10):895‐6. [EMBASE: 71943283]
Lindeman 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lindeman E, Drukker J. Specificity of strength training in neuromuscular disorders. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences 1994;7(3 Suppl):13‐5. [EMBASE: 24292073]
    1. Lindeman E, Leffers P, Spaans F, Drukker J, Reulen J, Kerckhoffs M, et al. Strength training in patients with myotonic dystrophy and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995;76(7):612‐20. [PUBMED: 7605179] - PubMed
    1. Lindeman E, Spaans F, Reulen J, Leffers P, Drukker J. Progressive resistance training in neuromuscular patients. Effects on force and surface EMG. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 1999;9(6):379‐84. [PUBMED: 10597050] - PubMed
Munters 2013 {published data only}
    1. Alemo Munters L, Dastmalchi M, Andgren V, Emilson C, Bergegård J, Regardt M, et al. Improvement in health and possible reduction in disease activity using endurance exercise in patients with established polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial with a 1‐year open extension followup. Arthritis Care & Research 2013;65(12):1959‐68. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.22068; PUBMED: 23861241] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alemo Munters L, Dastmalchi M, Katz A, Esbjörnsson M, Loell I, Hanna B, et al. Improved exercise performance and increased aerobic capacity after endurance training of patients with stable polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2013;15(4):R83. [PUBMED: 23941324] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Alemo Munters L, Dastmalchi M, Lindroos E, Ottosson C, Alexanderson H, Crofford LJ, Lundberg IE, et al. Metabolic effects in skeletal muscle of endurance exercise in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a pilot study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2015;74(Suppl 2):828. [EMBASE: 72153241]
    1. Boehler J, Hogarth M, Barberio M, Ghimbovschi S, Brown K, Alemo Munters L, et al. A systems biology approach to investigating beneficial effects of endurance exercise in myositis patients. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2016;68(Suppl 10):76‐7. [EMBASE: 613886480]
    1. Boehler JF, Hogarth MW, Barberio MD, Novak JS, Ghimbovschi S, Brown KJ, et al. Effect of endurance exercise on microRNAs in myositis skeletal muscle‐a randomized controlled study. PLoS One 2017;12(8):e0183292. [PUBMED: 28829792] - PMC - PubMed
Van der Kooi 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kooi EL, Kalkman JS, Lindeman E, Hendriks JC, Engelen BG, Bleijenberg G, et al. Effects of training and albuterol on pain and fatigue in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Journal of Neurology 2007;254(7):931‐40. [PUBMED: 17361345] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kooi EL, Vogels OJ, Asseldonk RJ, Lindeman E, Hendriks JC, Padberg GW. Strength training and albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2001;56(8 Suppl 3):A80. - PubMed
    1. Kooi EL, Vogels OJ, Asseldonk RJ, Lindeman E, Hendriks JC, Padberg GW. The efficacy of strength training in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2000;54(Suppl 3):A435. - PubMed
    1. Kooi EL, Vogels OJ, Asseldonk RJ, Lindeman E, Hendriks JC, Wohlgemuth M, et al. Strength training and albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2004;63(4):702‐8. [PUBMED: 15326246] - PubMed
Voet 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Janssen B, Voet N, Geurts A, Engelen B, Heerschap A. Quantitative MRI reveals decelerated fatty infiltration in muscles of active FSHD patients. Neurology 2016;86(18):1700‐7. [PUBMED: 27037227] - PubMed
    1. Engelen BG, Janssen B, Voet N, Nabuurs C, Padberg GW, Geurts A, et al. Physical activity decreases fatty infiltration in FSHD, a quantitative muscle MR study. Neuromuscular Disorders 2012;22(9‐10):896. [EMBASE: 71943284]
    1. Engelen BG, Voet N, Janssen B, Bleijenberg G, Hendriks J, Groot I, et al. Aerobic exercise and cognitive behavior therapy reduce fatigue and slow progression of muscle MR fatty infiltration in FSHD. Neuromuscular Disorders 2014;24(9‐10):798‐9. [EMBASE: 71909243]
    1. Voet N, Bleijenberg G, Groot I, Padberg G, Engelen B, Geurts A. Both aerobic exercise training and cognitive behavior therapy reduce chronic fatigue in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2014;57:e96. [EMBASE: 71517165]
    1. Voet N, Bleijenberg G, Hendriks J, Groot I, Padberg G, Engelen B, et al. Both aerobic exercise and cognitive‐behavioral therapy reduce chronic fatigue in FSHD: an RCT. Neurology 2014;83(21):1914‐22. [PUBMED: 25339206] - PubMed
Wiesinger 1998a {published data only}
    1. Wiesinger GF, Quittan M, Aringer M, Seeber A, Volc‐Platzer B, Smolen J, et al. Improvement of physical fitness and muscle strength in polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients by a training programme. British Journal of Rheumatology 1998;37(2):196‐200. [PUBMED: 9569076] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abramson 1952 {published data only}
    1. Abramson AS, Rogoff J. An approach to the rehabilitation of children with muscular dystrophy. Physical treatment in muscular dystrophy. 1st and 2nd Medical Conferences, Muscular Dystrophy Association of America. New York, 1952:123‐5.
Aitkens 1993 {published data only}
    1. Aitkens SG, McCrory MA, Kilmer DD, Bernauer EM. Moderate resistance exercise program: its effect in slowly progressive neuromuscular disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993;74(7):711‐5. - PubMed
Aldehag 2005 {published data only}
    1. Aldehag AS, Jonsson H, Ansved T. Effects of a hand training programme in five patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Occupational Therapy International 2005;12(1):14‐27. - PubMed
Alemdaroglu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Alemdaroglu I, Karaduman A, Topaloglu H. Effects of upper extremity dynamic exercise on respiratory function and quality of life in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [Duchenne muskuler distrofi'de ust ekstremite dinamik egzersizinin solunum fonksiyonu ve yasam kalitesi uzerine etkisi]. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon 2014;25(2):78‐85. [EMBASE: 600480405]
    1. Alemdaroglu I, Karaduman A, Yilmaz OT, Topaloglu H. Different types of upper extremity exercise training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: effects on functional performance, strength, endurance, and ambulation. Muscle & Nerve 2015;51(5):697‐705. [PUBMED: 25196721] - PubMed
    1. Alemdaroglu I, Karaduman AA, Yulmaz O, Topaloglu H. Effects of upper extremity exercise training on respiratory function and quality of life in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disorders 2013;23(9‐10):779. [EMBASE: 71938172]
Alexanderson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Alexanderson H, Stenström CH, Lundberg I. Safety of a home exercise programme in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a pilot study. Rheumatology 1999;38(7):608‐11. - PubMed
Alexanderson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Alexanderson H, Stenström CH, Jenner G, Lundberg I. The safety of a resistive home exercise program in patients with recent onset active polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2000;29(5):295‐301. - PubMed
Alexanderson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Alexanderson H, Dastmalchi M, Esbjornsson‐Liljedahl M, Opava CH, Lundberg IE. Benefits of intensive resistance training in patients with chronic polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2007;57(5):768‐77. - PubMed
Arnardottir 2003 {published data only}
    1. Arnardottir S, Alexanderson H, Lundberg IE, Borg K. Sporadic inclusion body myositis: pilot study on the effects of a home exercise program on muscle function, histopathology and inflammatory reaction. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2003;35(1):31‐5. - PubMed
Berthelsen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Berthelsen MP, Husu E, Christensen SB, Prahm KP, Vissing J, Jensen BR. Anti‐gravity training improves walking capacity and postural balance in patients with muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disorders 2014;24(6):492‐8. [PUBMED: 24684860] - PubMed
    1. Jensen BR, Berthelsen MP, Husu E, Christensen SB, Prahm KP, Vissing J. Body weight‐supported training in Becker and limb girdle 2I muscular dystrophy. Muscle & Nerve 2016;54(2):239‐43. [PUBMED: 26773840] - PubMed
Chung 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chung YL, Alexanderson H, Pipitone N, Morrison C, Dastmalchi M, Ståhl‐Hallengren C, et al. Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: six‐month, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2007;57(4):694‐702. [PUBMED: 17471547] - PubMed
Cudia 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cudia P, Baba A, Pegoraro V, Angelini C. Clinical and molecular effects of functional electrical stimulation/lower extremity training in myotonic dystrophy. Neurology 2017;88(16 Suppl 1):P4.214. [EMBASE: 616551462]
    1. Cudia P, Weis L, Baba A, Kiper P, Marcante A, Rossi S, et al. Effects of functional electrical stimulation lower extremity training in myotonic dystrophy type I: a pilot controlled study. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2016;95(11):809‐17. [PUBMED: 27088471] - PubMed
Dastmalchi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dastmalchi M, Alexanderson H, Loell I, Stahlberg M, Borg K, Lundberg IE, et al. Effect of physical training on the proportion of slow‐twitch type I muscle fibers, a novel nonimmune‐mediated mechanism for muscle impairment in polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Arthritis Care and Research 2007;57(7):1303‐10. - PubMed
Dawes 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dawes H, Korpershoek N, Freebody J, Elsworth C, Tintelen N, Wade DT, et al. A pilot randomised controlled trial of a home‐based exercise programme aimed at improving endurance and function in adults with neuromuscular disorders. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2006;77(8):959‐62. [PUBMED: 16614008] - PMC - PubMed
De Lateur 1979 {published data only}
    1. Lateur BJ, Giaconi RM. Effect on maximal strength of submaximal exercise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1979;58(1):26‐36. - PubMed
Escalante 1993 {published data only}
    1. Escalante A, Miller L, Beardmore TD. An N‐of‐1 trial of resistive vs. non‐resistive exercise in inflammatory muscle disease (IMD). Arthritis & Rheumatism 1991;34:S173.
    1. Escalante A, Miller L, Beardmore TD. Resistive exercise in the rehabilitation of polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Journal of Rheumatology 1993;20(8):1340‐4. - PubMed
Florence 1984a {published data only}
    1. Florence JM, Hagberg JM. Effect of training on the exercise responses of neuromuscular disease patients. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1984;16(5):460‐5. - PubMed
Florence 1984b {published data only}
    1. Florence JM, Brooke MH, Hagberg JM, Carroll JE. Endurance exercise in neuromuscular disease. In: Serratrice G editor(s). Neuromuscular Diseases. New York: Raven Press, 1984:577‐81.
Fowler 1965 {published data only}
    1. Fowler WM, Pearson CM, Egstrom GH, Gardner GW. Ineffective treatment of muscular dystrophy with an anabolic steroid and other measures. New England Journal of Medicine 1965;272(17):875‐82.
Hedermann 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hedermann G, Vissing CR, Heje K, Preisler N, Witting N, Vissing J. Aerobic training in patients with congenital myopathy. PLoS ONE 2016;11(1):e0146036. [PUBMED: 26751952] - PMC - PubMed
Heikkila 2001 {published data only}
    1. Heikkila S, Viitanen JV, Kautiainen H, Rajamaki T, Mantyvuo P, Harju T. Rehabilitation in myositis: preliminary study. Physiotherapy 2001;87(6):301‐9.
Hicks 1989 {published data only}
    1. Hicks J, Miller F, Plotz P, Zdrojewski M, Chen T, Gerber L. Exercise in patients with polymyositis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1989;32:S149.
Hoberman 1955 {published data only}
    1. Hoberman M. Physical medicine and rehabilitation: its value and limitations in progressive muscular dystrophy. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1955;34:109‐15. - PubMed
Jeppesen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jeppesen TD, Schwartz M, Olsen DB, Wibrand F, Krag T, Duno M, et al. Aerobic training is safe and improves exercise capacity in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Brain 2006;129(12):3402‐12. - PubMed
Jeppesen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jeppesen TD, Dunø M, Schwartz M, Krag T, Rafiq J, Wibrand F, et al. Short‐ and long‐term effects of endurance training in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. European Journal of Neurology 2009;16(12):1336‐9. - PubMed
Johnson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Johnson LG, Hons BS, Edwards DJ, Walters S, Thickbroom GW, Mastaglia FL. The effectiveness of an individualized, home‐based functional exercise program for patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis. Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease 2007;8(4):187‐94.
Johnson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Johnson LG, Collier KE, Edwards DJ, Philippe DL, Eastwood PR, Walters SE, et al. Improvement in aerobic capacity after an exercise program in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease 2009;10(4):178‐84. - PubMed
Kelm 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kelm J, Ahlhelm F, Regitz T, Pape D, Schmitt E. Controlled dynamic weight training in patients with neuromuscular disorders [Kontrolliertes dynamisches drafttraining bei patienten mit neuromuskulären erkrankungen]. Fortschritte der Neurologie‐Psychiatrie 2001;69(8):359‐66. - PubMed
Kilinc 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kilinç M, Yildirim SA, Tan E. The effects of electrical stimulation and exercise therapy in patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophy. A controlled clinical trial. Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) 2015;20(3):259‐66. [PUBMED: 26166595] - PMC - PubMed
Kilmer 1994 {published data only}
    1. Kilmer DD, McCrory MA, Wright NC, Aitkens SG, Bernauer EM. The effect of a high resistance exercise program in slowly progressive neuromuscular disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75(5):560‐3. - PubMed
Kilmer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kilmer DD, Wright NC, Aitkens S. Impact of a home‐based activity and dietary intervention in people with slowly progressive neuromuscular diseases. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86(11):2150‐6. - PubMed
Lenman 1959 {published data only}
    1. Lenman JA. A clinical and experimental study of the effects of exercise on motor weakness in neurological disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1959;22:182‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Mattar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mattar MA, Gualano B, Perandini LA, Shinjo SK, Lima FR, Sá‐Pinto AL, et al. Safety and possible effects of low‐intensity resistance training associated with partial blood flow restriction in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Research and Therapy 2014;16(5):473‐5. [PUBMED: 25344395] - PMC - PubMed
McCartney 1988 {published data only}
    1. McCartney N, Moroz D, Garner SH, McComas AJ. The effects of strength training in patients with selected neuromuscular disorders. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1988;20(4):362‐8. - PubMed
Mielke 1990 {published data only}
    1. Mielke U, Leipnitz, Holzer H, Schimrigk K. Dynamic muscular training in neuromuscular disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1990;S98:388.
Milner‐Brown 1988a {published data only}
    1. Milner‐Brown HS, Miller RG. Muscle strengthening through high‐resistance weight training in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1988;69(1):14‐9. - PubMed
Milner‐Brown 1988b {published data only}
    1. Milner‐Brown HS, Miller RG. Muscle strengthening through electric stimulation combined with low‐resistance weights in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 1988;69(1):20‐4. - PubMed
Milner‐Brown 1990 {published data only}
    1. Milner‐Brown HS, Miller RG. Myotonic dystrophy: quantification of muscle weakness and myotonia and the effect of amitriptyline and exercise. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1990;71(12):983‐7. - PubMed
Murphy 2008 {published data only}
    1. Murphy JL, Blakely EL, Schaefer AM, He L, Wyrick P, Haller RG, et al. Resistance training in patients with single, large‐scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA. Brain 2008;131(Pt 11):2832‐40. - PubMed
Na 1996 {published data only}
    1. Na YM, Kang SW, Lee HS, Moon JH. The effect of home exercise program for patients with myotonic dystrophy. Journal of the Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine 1996;20(1):33‐8.
Nader 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nader GA, Dastmalchi M, Alexanderson H, Grundtman C, Gernapudi R, Esbjörnsson M, et al. A longitudinal, integrated, clinical, histological and mRNA profiling study of resistance exercise in myositis. Molecular Medicine 2010;16(11‐12):455‐64. - PMC - PubMed
Olsen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Olsen DB, Orngreen MC, Vissing J. Aerobic training improves exercise performance in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2005;64(6):1064‐6. - PubMed
Omori 2010 {published data only}
    1. Omori C, Prado DM, Gualano B, Sallum AM, Sá‐Pinto AL, Roschel H, et al. Responsiveness to exercise training in juvenile dermatomyositis: a twin case study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:270. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-270; PUBMED: 21106107] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Omori 2012 {published data only}
    1. Omori CH, Silva CA, Sallum AM, Rodrigues Pereira RM, Lúciade Sá Pinto A, Roschel H, et al. Exercise training in juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Care & Research 2012;64(8):1186‐94. [PUBMED: 22505288] - PubMed
Orngreen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Orngreen MC, Olsen DB, Vissing J. Aerobic training in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1. Annals of Neurology 2005;57(5):754‐7. - PubMed
Regardt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Regardt M, Schult ML, Axelsson Y, Aldehag A, Alexanderson H, Lundberg IE, et al. Hand exercise intervention in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a pilot study. Musculoskeletal Care 2014;12(3):106‐72. [PUBMED: 24623733] - PubMed
Riisager 2013 {published data only}
    1. Riisager M, Mathiesen PR, Vissing J, Preisler N, Ørngreen MC. Aerobic training in persons who have recovered from juvenile dermatomyositis. Neuromuscular Disorders 2013;23(12):962‐8. [PUBMED: 24120572] - PubMed
Scott 1981 {published data only}
    1. Dubowitz V, Hyde SA, Scott OM, Goddard C. Controlled trial of exercise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In: Serratrice G, Cross D, Desnuelle, C, Gastaut J‐L, Pellissier J‐F, Pouget J, et al. editor(s). Neuromuscular Diseases. New York: Raven Press, 1984:571‐5. [0‐89004‐070‐X]
    1. Scott OM, Hyde SA, Goddard C, Jones R, Dubowitz V. Effect of exercise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Physiotherapy 1981;67(6):174‐6. [PUBMED: 7029578] - PubMed
Siciliano 2000 {published data only}
    1. Siciliano G, Manca ML, Renna M, Prontera C, Mercuri A, Murri L. Effects of aerobic training on lactate and catecholaminergic exercise responses in mitochondrial myopathies. Neuromuscular Disorders 2000;10(1):40‐5. - PubMed
Siciliano 2012 {published data only}
    1. Siciliano G, Simoncini C, Lo Gerfo A, Orsucci D, Ricci G, Mancuso M. Effects of aerobic training on exercise‐related oxidative stress in mitochondrial myopathies. Neuromuscular Disorders 2012;22 Suppl 3:S172‐7. [PUBMED: 23182634] - PMC - PubMed
Spector 1997 {published data only}
    1. Spector SA, Lemmer JT, Koffman BM, Fleischer TA, Feuerstein IM, Hurley BF, et al. Safety and efficacy of strength training in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis. Muscle & Nerve 1997;20(10):1242‐8. - PubMed
Sriram 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sriram S, Kavitha MM, Prembabu KR, Tamilselvam, TN, Rajeswari S. Endurance versus aerobic exercises in the rehabilitation of idiopathic inflammatory myositis. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 2015;18(Suppl 1):88. [EMBASE: 72004882]
Sunnerhagen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sunnerhagen KS, Darin N, Tajsharghi H, Oldfors A. The effects of endurance training in persons with a hereditary myosin myopathy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2004;110(2):80‐6. - PubMed
Sveen 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sveen ML, Jeppesen TD, Hauerslev S, Krag TO, Vissing J. Endurance training: an effective and safe treatment for patients with LGMD2I. Neurology 2007;68(1):59‐61. - PubMed
Sveen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sveen ML, Jeppesen TD, Hauerslev S, Kober L, Krag TO, Vissing J. Endurance training improves fitness and strength in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy. Brain 2008;131(Pt 11):2824‐31. - PubMed
Sveen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sveen ML, Andersen SP, Ingelsrud LH, Blichter S, Olsen NE, Jønck S, et al. Resistance training in patients with limb‐girdle and Becker muscular dystrophies. Muscle & Nerve 2013;47(2):163‐9. [PUBMED: 23169433] - PubMed
Taivassalo 1998 {published data only}
    1. Taivassalo T, Stefano N, Argov Z, Matthews PM, Chen J, Genge A, et al. Effects of aerobic training in patients with mitochondrial myopathies. Neurology 1998;50(4):1055‐60. - PubMed
Taivassalo 1999 {published data only}
    1. Taivassalo T, Stefano N, Chen J, Karpati G, Arnold DL, Argov Z. Short‐term aerobic training response in chronic myopathies. Muscle & Nerve 1999;22(9):1239‐43. - PubMed
Taivassalo 2001 {published data only}
    1. Taivassalo T, Shoubridge EA, Chen J, Eng M, Kennaway NG, DiMauro S, et al. Aerobic conditioning in patients with mitochondrial myopathies: physiological, biochemical, and genetic effects. Annals of Neurology 2001;50(2):133‐41. - PubMed
Taivassalo 2006 {published data only}
    1. Taivassalo T, Gardner JL, Taylor RW, Schaefer AM, Newman J, Barron MJ, et al. Endurance training and detraining in mitochondrial myopathies due to single large‐scale mtDNA deletions. Brain 2006;129(12):3391‐401. - PubMed
Tiffreau 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tiffreau V, Rannou F, Kopciuch F, Hachulla E, Mouthon L, Thoumie P, et al. Postrehabilitation functional improvements in patients with inflammatory myopathies: the results of a randomized, controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017;98(2):227‐34. [PUBMED: 27789240] - PubMed
Tollbäck 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tollbäck A, Eriksson S, Wredenberg A, Jenner G, Vargas R, Borg K, et al. Effects of high resistance training in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1999;31(1):9‐16. - PubMed
Trenell 2006 {published data only}
    1. Trenell MI, Sue CM, Kemp GJ, Sachinwalla T, Thompson CH. Aerobic exercise and muscle metabolism in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Muscle & Nerve 2006;33(4):524‐31. - PubMed
Van den Berg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Berg LE, Favejee MM, Wens SC, Kruijshaar ME, Praet SF, Reuser AJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of exercise training in adults with Pompe disease: evaluation of endurance, muscle strength and core stability before and after a 12 week training program. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2015;10:87. [PUBMED: 26187632] - PMC - PubMed
Varju 2003 {published data only}
    1. Varju C, Petho E, Kutas R, Czirjak L. The effect of physical exercise following acute disease exacerbation in patients with dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17(1):83‐7. - PubMed
Vignos 1966 {published data only}
    1. Vignos PJ Jr, Watkins MP. The effect of exercise in muscular dystrophy. JAMA 1966;197(11):843‐8. - PubMed
Wiesinger 1998b {published data only}
    1. Wiesinger GF, Quittan M, Graninger M, Seeber A, Ebenbichler G, Sturm B, et al. Benefit of 6 months long‐term physical training in polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients. British Journal of Rheumatology 1998;37(12):1338‐42. - PubMed
Wright 1996 {published data only}
    1. Wright NC, Kilmer DD, McCrory MA, Aitkens SG, Holcomb BJ, Bernauer EM. Aerobic walking in slowly progressive neuromuscular disease: effect of a 12‐week program. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996;77(1):64‐9. - PubMed
Yildirim 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yildirim S, Erden Z, Kilinc M. Comparison of the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques and weight training in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon 2007;18(2):65‐71.

References to ongoing studies

Jorgensen 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Jørgensen AN, Aagaard P, Christiansen M, Frandsen U, Diederichsen LP. Effects of 12 weeks low‐intensity blood‐flow restricted resistance training on knee extensor strength in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2016;68(Suppl 10):3023‐4. [EMBASE: 613887953]
NCT02158156 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02158156. Effect of aerobic training in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02158156 (first received 6 June 2014).
NCT02421523 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02421523. Strength training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [Development of a strength training protocol in Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02421523 (first received 20 April 2015).
Van Engelen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jimenez‐Moreno AC, Wood L, Lochmuller H, Gorman, G. OPTIMISTIC: observational prolonged trial in myotonic dystrophy type 1 to improve quality of life‐standards, a target identification collaboration. Neuromuscular Disorders 2015;25:S40. [EMBASE: 71927154]
    1. Engelen B, OPTIMISTIC consortium. Cognitive behaviour therapy plus aerobic exercise training to increase activity in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) compared to usual care (OPTIMISTIC): study protocol for randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1):224. [PUBMED: 26002596] - PMC - PubMed
Veenhuizen 2015 {published data only}
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Wallace 2016 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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