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Review
. 2021 Mar;16(1):130-143.
doi: 10.1007/s11481-019-09886-7. Epub 2019 Dec 10.

CNS Neurotoxicity of Antiretrovirals

Tyler Lanman  1 , Scott Letendre  2 , Qing Ma  3 , Anne Bang  4 , Ronald Ellis  5
Affiliations
Review

CNS Neurotoxicity of Antiretrovirals

Tyler Lanman et al. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021 Mar.

Abstract

The development of novel antiretroviral treatments has led to a significant turning point in the fight against HIV. Although therapy leads to virologic suppression and prolonged life expectancies, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains prevalent. While various hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, a growing body of literature explores the neurotoxic effects of antiretroviral therapy. Research to date brings into question the potential role of such medications in neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment seen in HIV-positive patients. This review highlights recent findings and controversies in cellular, molecular, and clinical neurotoxicity of antiretrovirals. It explores the pathogenesis of such toxicity and relates it to clinical manifestations in each medication class. The concept of accelerated aging in persons living with HIV (PLWH) as well as potential treatments for HAND are also discussed. Ultimately, this article hopes to educate clinicians and basic scientists about the neurotoxic effects of antiretrovirals and spur future scientific investigation into this important topic. Graphical Abstract.

Keywords: Antiretroviral; Antiretroviral therapy; HAND; HIV; Neurocognitive; Neurotoxicity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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