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. 2019 Oct 30:2019:6825297.
doi: 10.1155/2019/6825297. eCollection 2019.

Evaluation of the Bioactivities of Rumex crispus L. Leaves and Root Extracts Using Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiparasitic Assays

Oladayo Amed Idris  1 , Olubunmi Abosede Wintola  1 , Anthony Jide Afolayan  1
Affiliations

Evaluation of the Bioactivities of Rumex crispus L. Leaves and Root Extracts Using Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiparasitic Assays

Oladayo Amed Idris et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. .

Abstract

Traditional folks in different parts of the world use Rumex crispus L. for the treatment of microbial infections, malaria, and sleeping sickness in the form of decoction or tincture. In the search for a natural alternative remedy, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, and antiplasmodial efficacy and the toxicity of R. crispus extracts. Antimicrobial potency of the extracts was evaluated using the agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antitrypanosomal activity of the extracts was evaluated with the Trypanosoma brucei brucei model while the antimalaria potency was tested using Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. Toxicity was then tested with brine shrimp assay and cytotoxicity (HeLa cells). The acetone extract of the root (RT-ACE) reveals the highest antimicrobial potency with the lowest MIC value of <1.562 mg/mL for all bacteria strains and also showed high potent against fungi. RT-ACE (IC50: 13 μg/mL) and methanol extract of the leaf (LF-MEE; IC50: 15 μg/mL) show a strong inhibition of P. falciparum. The ethanol extract of the root (RT-ETE: IC50: 9.7 μg/mL) reveals the highest inhibition of T.b. brucei parasite. RT-ETE and RT-ACE were found to have the highest toxicity in brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) and cytotoxicity which correlates in the two assays. This research revealed Rumex crispus has potency against microorganisms, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium and could be a potential source for the treatment of these diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentage hatchability of A. salina cysts incubated for 72 h in different solvent extracts and five concentrations. The values are means of hatchability potential for R. crispus extracts/control ± SD of three replicates. The bars within a concentration with different letters are significantly different; mean values of a > b > c > d. RT-MEE: methanol extract of root; RT-ETE: ethanol extract of root, RT-ACE: acetone extract of root, RE-WAE: water extract of root, LF-MEE; methanol extract of leaf, LF-ETE: ethanol extract of leaf, LF-ACE: acetone extract of leaf and LF-WAE: water extract of leaf.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overall percentage hatchability and lethality of the extracts of R. crispus and the standard K2CrO7 after 72 h incubation period. The values are means of hatchability and lethality potential for all the concentrations of the extracts/control ± SD of replicates. RT-MEE: methanol extract of root; RT-ETE: ethanol extract of root; RT-ACE: acetone extract of root; RE-WAE: water extract of root, LF-MEE: methanol extract of leaf; LF-ETE: ethanol extract of leaf; LF-ACE: acetone extract of leaf; and LF-WAE: water extract of leaf.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Percentage mortality of Artemia salina larva in different concentrations of the root extracts of R. crispus and control, in a test period of 72 h. The values are mean of the triplicates of mortality in each plant extracts (mean ± SD). The bars within a concentration, with different letters, are significantly different; mean values of a > b > c > d. RT-MEE: methanol extract of root; RT-ETE: ethanol extract of root; RT-ACE: acetone extract of root; RE-WAE: water extract of root; LF-MEE: methanol extract of leaf; LF-ETE: ethanol extract of leaf; LF-ACE: acetone extract of leaf; LF-WAE: water extract of leaf.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Percentage mortality of Artemia salina larva in different concentrations of the leaf extracts of R. crispus, in a test period of 72 h; The values are mean of the triplicates of mortality in each plant extracts (mean ± SD). The bars within a concentration with different letters are significantly different; mean values of a > b > c > d. RT-MEE: methanol extract of root; RT-ETE: ethanol extract of root; RT-ACE: acetone extract of root; RE-WAE: water extract of root; LF-MEE: methanol extract of leaf; LF-ETE: ethanol extract of leaf; LF-ACE: acetone extract of leaf; LF-WAE: water extract of leaf.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Bar graph shows the percentage parasite (P. falciparum) viability ± SD tested against R. crispus extracts. RT-MEE: methanol extract of root; RT-ETE: ethanol extract of root; RT-ACE: acetone extract of root; RE-WAE: water extract of root; LF-MEE; methanol extract of leaf; LF-ETE: ethanol extract of leaf; LF-ACE: acetone extract of leaf; LF-WAE; water extract of leaf.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Dose-response plots and % viability of parasite to RT-ACE (acetone extract of the root). IC50: 13 μg/mL.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Dose-response plots and % viability of parasite to chloroquine standard. IC50: 10 μM.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Percentage viability of T.b. brucei obtained from the test against extracts of R. crispus. RT-MEE: methanol extract of root; RT-ETE: ethanol extract of root; RT-ACE: acetone extract of root; RE-WAE: water extract of root; LF-MEE: methanol extract of leaf; LF-ETE: ethanol extract of leaf; LF-ACE: acetone extract of leaf; and LF-WAE: water extract of leaf.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Percentage viability and dose-response curve of T.b. brucei to RT-ETE (ethanol extract of root). IC50: 9.7 μg/mL.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Percentage viability and dose-response curve of T.b. brucei to pentamidine (standard control). IC50: 0.017 μM.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Dose-response plots and % viability of parasite to LF-MEE (methanol extract of the leaf). IC50: 15 μg/mL.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Percentage HeLa cell viability ± SD, obtained after testing on R. crispus extracts. RT-MEE: methanol extract of root; RT-ETE: ethanol extract of root; RT-ACE: acetone extract of root; RE-WAE: water extract of root; LF-MEE: methanol extract of leaf; LF-ETE: ethanol extract of leaf; LF-ACE: acetone extract of leaf; LF-WAE: water extract of leaf.
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