Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders

Nicholas J Ashton^{1

2

3

4}, Mark Ide^{5

6}, Henrik Zetterberg^{7

8

9

10}, Kaj Blennow^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
² Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
³ King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
⁴ NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
⁵ Periodontology, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
⁶ Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
⁸ Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
¹⁰ UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.

PMID: 31833026
PMCID: PMC6908535
DOI: 10.1007/s40120-019-00168-1

Review

Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders

Nicholas J Ashton et al. Neurol Ther. 2019 Dec.

. 2019 Dec;8(Suppl 2):83-94.

doi: 10.1007/s40120-019-00168-1. Epub 2019 Dec 12.

Authors

Nicholas J Ashton^{1

2

3

4}, Mark Ide^{5

6}, Henrik Zetterberg^{7

8

9

10}, Kaj Blennow^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
² Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
³ King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
⁴ NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK. nicholas.ashton@gu.se.
⁵ Periodontology, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
⁶ Mucosal and Salivary Biology, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
⁸ Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
¹⁰ UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.

PMID: 31833026
PMCID: PMC6908535
DOI: 10.1007/s40120-019-00168-1

Abstract

The search for accessible and cost-effective biomarkers to complement current cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and imaging biomarkers in the accurate detection of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other common neurodegenerative disorders remains a challenging task. The advances in ultra-sensitive detection methods has highlighted blood biomarkers (e.g. amyloid-β and neurofilament light) as a valuable and realistic tool in a diagnostic or screening process. Saliva, however, is also a rich source of potential biomarkers for disease detection and offers several practical advantages over biofluids that are currently examined for neurodegenerative disorders. However, while this may be true for the general population, challenges in collecting saliva from an elderly population should be seriously considered. In this review, we begin by discussing how saliva is produced and how age-related conditions can modify saliva production and composition. We then focus on the data available which support the concept of salivary amyloid-β, tau species and novel biomarkers in detecting AD and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease (PD).

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Amyloid-β; Biomarkers; Parkinson’s disease; Saliva; Tau.

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Conflict of interest statement

Nicholas J. Ashton is funded by the Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational. Henrik Zetterberg is a Wallenberg Academy Fellow supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931) and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL. Henrik Zetterberg has served at scientific advisory boards for Roche Diagnostics, Wave, Samumed and CogRx, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure and Biogen, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Ventures-based platform company at the University of Gothenburg. Kaj Blennow is supported by the Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden. Kaj Blennow has served as a consultant or at advisory boards for Alector, Alzheon, CogRx, Biogen, Lilly, Novartis and Roche Diagnostics, and is also a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB. Mark Ide has nothing to disclose.

References

1. Ashton NJ, Scholl M, Heurling K, et al. Update on biomarkers for amyloid pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomark Med. 2018;12(7):799–812. doi: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0433. - DOI - PubMed
1. Scholl M, Maass A, Mattsson N, et al. Biomarkers for tau pathology. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2019;97:18–33. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.12.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Nakamura A, Kaneko N, Villemagne VL, et al. High performance plasma amyloid-beta biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 2018;554(7691):249–254. doi: 10.1038/nature25456. - DOI - PubMed
1. Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Palmqvist S, et al. Plasma beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular disease. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26801. doi: 10.1038/srep26801. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Vergallo A, Megret L, Lista S, et al. Plasma amyloid beta 40/42 ratio predicts cerebral amyloidosis in cognitively normal individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(6):764–775. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.03.009. - DOI - PubMed

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Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders

Affiliations

Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Miscellaneous