Patterns of seizure prophylaxis after oncologic neurosurgery

Abstract

Background: Evidence supporting routine postoperative antiepileptic drug (AED) prophylaxis following oncologic neurosurgery is limited, and actual practice patterns are largely unknown beyond survey data.

Objective: To describe patterns and predictors of postoperative AED prophylaxis following intracranial tumor surgery.

Methods: The MarketScan Database was used to analyze pharmacy claims data and clinical characteristics in a national sample over a 5-year period.

Results: Among 5895 patients in the cohort, levetiracetam was the most widely used AED for prophylaxis (78.5%) followed by phenytoin (20.5%). Prophylaxis was common but highly variable for patients who underwent open resection of supratentorial intraparenchymal tumors (62.5%, reference) or meningiomas (61.9%). In multivariate analysis, biopsies were less likely to receive prophylaxis (44.8%, OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.33-0.67), and there was near consensus against prophylaxis for infratentorial (9.7%, OR 0.07, CI 0.05-0.09) and transsphenoidal procedures (0.4%, OR 0.003, CI 0.001-0.010). Primary malignancies (52.1%, reference) and secondary metastases (42.2%) were more likely to receive prophylaxis than benign tumors (23.0%, OR 0.63, CI 0.48-0.83), as were patients discharged with home services and patients in the Northeast. There was a large spike in duration of AED use at approximately 30 days.

Conclusions: Use of seizure prophylaxis following intracranial biopsies and supratentorial resections is highly variable, consistent with a lack of guidelines or consensus. Current practice patterns do not support a clear standard of care and may be driven in part by geographic variation, availability of post-discharge services, and electronic prescribing defaults rather than evidence. Given uncertainty regarding effectiveness, indications, and appropriate duration of AED prophylaxis, well-powered trials are needed.

Keywords: Antiepileptic drugs; Brain tumor; Glioma; Meningioma; Oncologic neurosurgery; Postoperative seizures; Seizure prophylaxis.