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. 2020 Apr;35(4):1252-1275.
doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-05364-1. Epub 2019 Dec 17.

Prevalence, Predictors, and Treatment of Impostor Syndrome: a Systematic Review

Dena M Bravata  1   2 , Sharon A Watts  3   4 , Autumn L Keefer  3 , Divya K Madhusudhan  3 , Katie T Taylor  3   4 , Dani M Clark  3   4 , Ross S Nelson  3   5 , Kevin O Cokley  6 , Heather K Hagg  3
Affiliations

Prevalence, Predictors, and Treatment of Impostor Syndrome: a Systematic Review

Dena M Bravata et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Apr.

Abstract

Background: Impostor syndrome is increasingly presented in the media and lay literature as a key behavioral health condition impairing professional performance and contributing to burnout. However, there is no published review of the evidence to guide the diagnosis or treatment of patients presenting with impostor syndrome.

Purpose: To evaluate the evidence on the prevalence, predictors, comorbidities, and treatment of impostor syndrome.

Data sources: Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO (January 1966 to May 2018) and bibliographies of retrieved articles.

Study selection: English-language reports of evaluations of the prevalence, predictors, comorbidities, or treatment of impostor syndrome.

Data extraction: Two independent investigators extracted data on study variables (e.g., study methodology, treatments provided); participant variables (e.g., demographics, professional setting); diagnostic tools used, outcome variables (e.g., workplace performance, reductions in comorbid conditions); and pre-defined quality variables (e.g., human subjects approval, response rates reported).

Data synthesis: In total, 62 studies of 14,161 participants met the inclusion criteria (half were published in the past 6 years). Prevalence rates of impostor syndrome varied widely from 9 to 82% largely depending on the screening tool and cutoff used to assess symptoms and were particularly high among ethnic minority groups. Impostor syndrome was common among both men and women and across a range of age groups (adolescents to late-stage professionals). Impostor syndrome is often comorbid with depression and anxiety and is associated with impaired job performance, job satisfaction, and burnout among various employee populations including clinicians. No published studies evaluated treatments for this condition.

Limitations: Studies were heterogeneous; publication bias may be present.

Conclusions: Clinicians and employers should be mindful of the prevalence of impostor syndrome among professional populations and take steps to assess for impostor feelings and common comorbidities. Future research should include evaluations of treatments to mitigate impostor symptoms and its common comorbidities.

Keywords: behavioral health; impostor syndrome; occupational health.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors except for Dr. Cokley were either employees of or consultants to Crossover Health, the funder of this study. Dr. Cokley received no financial support for his participation in this study.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Search results. Presents our search strategies and results.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Included studies by publication year. Presents the distribution of the included studies by year of publication.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of mean age among the included studies. Presents the distribution of mean age for the included studies.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Harvey JC, Katz C. If I’m So Successful Why Do I Feel Like a Fake? New York: St. Martin’s Press; 1985.

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