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Observational Study
. 2019 Dec 2;2(12):e1917669.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17669.

Antiretroviral Prescribing Practices Among Pregnant Women Living With HIV in the United States, 2008-2017

Kathleen M Powis  1   2   3 , Yanling Huo  4 , Paige L Williams  4   5   6 , Deborah Kacanek  4 , Jennifer Jao  7   8 , Kunjal Patel  4   5 , George R Seage 3rd  5 , Russell B Van Dyke  9 , Ellen G Chadwick  7   8 ; Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS)
Affiliations
Observational Study

Antiretroviral Prescribing Practices Among Pregnant Women Living With HIV in the United States, 2008-2017

Kathleen M Powis et al. JAMA Netw Open. .

Abstract

Importance: Since 1994, the US Department of Health and Human Services has published treatment guidelines for pregnant women living with HIV. Understanding how well prescribing patterns correspond with treatment guidelines could inform health policy and influence future clinical practice.

Objectives: To compare antiretroviral prescribing practices over time among pregnant women living with HIV with Department of Health and Human Services treatment guidelines and identify factors associated with receiving recommended regimens.

Design, setting, and participants: A prospective cohort study of 1582 pregnant women living with HIV were enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Surveillance Monitoring of ART (antiretroviral therapy) Toxicities study between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2017. The study was conducted at 18 academic research hospitals in the United States.

Exposures: Antiretroviral medications (ARVs) prescribed during pregnancy.

Main outcomes and measures: Proportion of regimens prescribed to pregnant women living with HIV qualifying as preferred or alternative according to Department of Health and Human Services guidelines, stratified by timing of initiation.

Results: Of 1867 pregnancies (among 1582 pregnant women living with HIV with a mean [SD] age of 28.6 [6.1] years at conception), 1264 (67.7%) occurred among women self-identified as black, 480 (25.7%) self-identified as white, and 123 (6.6%) self-identified as other or unreported race/ethnicity. Antiretroviral medications were initiated prior to conception for 790 women (42.3%), resumed during pregnancy for 625 women (33.5%), and initiated during pregnancy for 452 women (24.2%). Only 925 pregnancies (49.5%) were associated with prescribed ARVs designated as preferred or alternative, while 492 (26.4%) involved ARVs with insufficient evidence for use during pregnancy and 136 (7.3%) involved ARVs that were not recommended during pregnancy. A higher proportion of treatment-naive pregnant women initiating ARVs were prescribed preferred or alternative ARVs compared with those resuming ARVs or those treated with ARVs before conception (316 of 452 [69.9%] vs 325 of 625 [52.0%] vs 284 of 790 [35.9%]; P < .001). A total of 91 of 452 women (20.1%) initiating ARVs during pregnancy were prescribed ARVs with insufficient evidence for use during pregnancy or not recommended during pregnancy. Among women resuming ARVs, those with a viral load greater than 1000 copies/mL early in pregnancy had higher odds of being prescribed guideline-recommended ARVs (adjusted odds ratio, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.33-3.10]) compared with those with a viral load of 400 copies/mL or less.

Conclusions and relevance: This study suggests that US ARV prescribing practices for pregnant women living with HIV do not align well with national guidelines. This finding is particularly concerning when treatment is initiated during pregnancy. Further research is needed to understand disparities between prescribing practices and evidence-based guideline recommendations.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Powis reported receiving grants from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) during the conduct of the study. Ms Huo reported receiving grants from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research during the conduct of the study. Dr Williams reported receiving grants from the NICHD during the conduct of the study. Dr Kacanek reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the conduct of the study. Dr Jao reported receiving grants from the NIH outside the submitted work. Dr Patel reported receiving a grant from the NIH during the conduct of the study outside the submitted work. Dr Seage reported receiving grants from the NICHD during the conduct of the study. Dr Van Dyke reported receiving grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Chadwick reported receiving grants from the NICHD during the conduct of the study; and reported that her spouse holds stock in AbbVie and Abbott Labs outside the submitted work.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Flowchart of Study Population Selection
ARV indicates antiretroviral medication; SMARTT, Surveillance Monitoring of ART Toxicities. aOnly unique pregnancies were included in the analysis (ie, gestations with twins or triplets were counted as 1 pregnancy). All repeated pregnancies of the same woman were included in the analysis because the maternal ARV regimens during pregnancy may change over time. bAmong the 17 pregnancies, 11 women received ARVs prior to pregnancy with 5 women also receiving ARVs during labor and delivery; 6 women did not receive ARVs prior to pregnancy, with 5 of these women receiving ARVs during labor and delivery .
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Antiretroviral (ARV) Prescribing Patterns by Timing of Initiation According to US Perinatal HIV Treatment Guidelines
A total of 790 women received ARVs at conception, 625 resumed ARVs during pregnancy, and 452 initiated ARVs during pregnancy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al. . Reduction of maternal–infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(18):1173-1180. doi:10.1056/NEJM199411033311801 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Service Task Force recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women infected with HIV-1 for maternal health and for reducing perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47(RR-2):1-30. - PubMed
    1. Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/PerinatalGL001020.pdf. Published July 8, 2008. Accessed December 2, 2018.
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