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Review
. 2019 Dec 20;20(1):54.
doi: 10.3390/s20010054.

Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water-A Review

Daoliang Li  1   2   3   4 , Tan Wang  1   2   3   4 , Zhen Li  1   2   3   4 , Xianbao Xu  1   2   3   4 , Cong Wang  1   2   3   4 , Yanqing Duan  5
Affiliations
Review

Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water-A Review

Daoliang Li et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Nitrite and nitrate are widely found in various water environments but the potential toxicity of nitrite and nitrate poses a great threat to human health. Recently, many methods have been developed to detect nitrate and nitrite in water. One of them is to use graphene-based materials. Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nano-material with sp2 hybrid orbital, which has a large surface area and excellent conductivity and electron transfer ability. It is widely used for modifying electrodes for electrochemical sensors. Graphene based electrochemical sensors have the advantages of being low cost, effective and efficient for nitrite and nitrate detection. This paper reviews the application of graphene-based nanomaterials for electrochemical detection of nitrate and nitrite in water. The properties and advantages of the electrodes were modified by graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in the development of nitrite sensors are discussed in detail. Based on the review, the paper summarizes the working conditions and performance of different sensors, including working potential, pH, detection range, detection limit, sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability and long-term stability. Furthermore, the challenges and suggestions for future research on the application of graphene-based nanocomposite electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection are also highlighted.

Keywords: electrochemical sensing; graphene; graphene oxide; nitrate; nitrite; reduced graphene oxide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structures of graphene-based materials show (a) the pristine graphene (pure-arranged carbon atoms) with sp2-hybridized carbon atoms; (b) graphene oxide(GO); (c) reduced graphene oxide(RGO).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The synthesized progress of Cu@Pt/Gr nanocomposites.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The synthesized progress of Gr/PPy/CS nanocomposites.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Process for synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) by hummers method.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Scheme of preparation of RGO-C60/AuNPs (Reprinted from Reference 96 with permission from ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY, copyright 2016).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic diagram of Au/ERGO/Cu-TDPAT for nitrite detection(Reprinted from Reference [97] with permission from ELSEVIER, copyright 2019).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic diagram of Ag/RGO for nitrite detection(Reprinted from Reference [99] with permission from ELSEVIER, copyright 2018).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic diagram of RGO/AgNPs /PyY for nitrite detection(Reprinted from Reference [102] with permission from American Chemical society, copyright 2016).
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