Novel inter-domain Ca2+-binding site in the gelsolin superfamily protein fragmin

Abstract

Gelsolin superfamily proteins, consisting of multiple domains (usually six), sever actin filaments and cap the barbed ends in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. Two types of evolutionally conserved Ca²⁺-binding sites have been identified in this family; type-1 (between gelsolin and actin) and type-2 (within the gelsolin domain). Fragmin, a member in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, consists of three domains (F1-F3) that are highly similar to the N-terminal half of mammalian gelsolin (G1-G3). Despite their similarities, the two proteins exhibit a significant difference in the Ca²⁺ dependency; F1-F3 absolutely requires Ca²⁺ for the filament severing whereas G1-G3 does not. In this study, we examined the strong dependency of fragmin on Ca²⁺ using biochemical and structural approaches. Our co-sedimentation assay demonstrated that Ca²⁺ significantly enhanced the binding of F2-F3 to actin. We determined the crystal structure of F2-F3 in the presence of Ca²⁺. F2-F3 binds a total of three calcium ions; while two are located in type-2 sites within F2 or F3, the remaining one resides between the F2 long helix and the F3 short helix. The inter-domain Ca²⁺-coordination appears to stabilize F2-F3 in a closely packed configuration. Notably, the F3 long helix exhibits a bent conformation which is different from the straight G3 long helix in the presence of Ca²⁺. Our results provide the first structural evidence for the existence of an unconventional Ca²⁺-binding site in the gelsolin superfamily proteins.

Keywords: Actin dynamics; Actin filament severing; Ca2+-binding site; Gelsolin superfamily proteins; X-ray crystal structure.