Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Dec 23;21(Suppl 1):S16-S18.
doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz120.

The Role of Compensation in Nicotine Reduction

Neal L Benowitz  1 , Eric C Donny  2 , Kathryn C Edwards  3 , Dorothy Hatsukami  4 , Tracy T Smith  5
Affiliations

The Role of Compensation in Nicotine Reduction

Neal L Benowitz et al. Nicotine Tob Res. .

Abstract

The available research on switching from normal nicotine to very low nicotine content cigarettes shows minimal evidence of compensatory smoking. Mathematical estimations suggest that substantial compensation after switching to very low nicotine cigarettes would be impossible. It is likely that smokers who are unable to tolerate the extent of proposed nicotine reduction would switch to other sources of nicotine, rather than try to compensate by smoking more very low nicotine content cigarettes more intensely.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

    1. Benowitz N. Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: Implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83(4):531–541. - PubMed
    1. Benowitz NL. Compensatory smoking of low yield cigarettes. In: Shopland DR, Burns DM, Benowitz NL, Amacher RH, eds. Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. NCI Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13. Bethesda, MD: US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH Publication No. 02-5074; 2001:39–64.
    1. Benowitz NL, Jacob P, Kozlowski LT, Yu L. Influence of smoking fewer cigarettes on exposure to tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(21):1310–1313. - PubMed
    1. Donny EC, Denlinger RL, Tidey JW, et al. . Randomized trial of reduced-nicotine standards for cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(14):1340–1349. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Benowitz NL, Hall SM, Stewart S, et al. . Nicotine and carcinogen exposure with smoking of progressively reduced nicotine content cigarette. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2007;16(11):2479–2485. - PubMed