Perceptual grouping constrains inhibition in time-based visual selection

Abstract

In time-based visual selection, task-irrelevant, old stimuli can be inhibited in order to allow the selective processing of new stimuli that appear at a later point in time (the preview benefit; Watson & Humphreys, 1997). The current study investigated if illusory and non-illusory perceptual groups influence the ability to inhibit old and prioritize new stimuli in time-based visual selection. Experiment 1 showed that with Kanizsa-type illusory stimuli, a preview benefit occurred only when displays contained a small number of items. Experiment 2 demonstrated that a set of Kanizsa-type illusory stimuli could be selectively searched amongst a set of non-illusory distractors with no additional preview benefit obtained by separating the two sets of stimuli in time. Experiment 3 showed that, similarly to Experiment 1, non-illusory perceptual groups also produced a preview benefit only for a small number of number of distractors. Experiment 4 demonstrated that local changes to perceptually grouped old items eliminated the preview benefit. The results indicate that the preview benefit is reduced in capacity when applied to complex stimuli that require perceptual grouping, regardless of whether the grouped elements elicit illusory contours. Further, inhibition is applied at the level of grouped objects, rather than to the individual elements making up those groups. The findings are discussed in terms of capacity limits in the inhibition of old distractor stimuli when they consist of perceptual groups, the attentional requirements of forming perceptual groups and the mechanisms and efficiency of time-based visual selection.

Keywords: Attention; Illusory contours; Inhibition; Perceptual grouping; Time-based visual selection.

Fig. 1

Schematic of a preview search trial in Experiment 1. The target is defined as a vertically oriented Kanizsa-type rectangle

Fig. 2

Partial and full search slopes for Experiment 1 (ms/item). HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ± 1SE

Fig. 3

Mean correct reaction times (RTs) as a function of condition and display size for Experiment 1. HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ± 1SE

Fig. 4

Schematic of a preview search trial in Experiment 2. The target is defined as a vertically oriented Kanizsa-type rectangle

Fig. 5

Search slopes for Experiment 2 (ms/item). HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ±1SE

Fig. 6

Mean correct reaction times (RTs) as a function of condition and display size for Experiment 2. HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ±1SE

Fig. 7

Schematic of a preview search trial in Experiment 3. The target is defined as vertically clustered pacmen aligned in the same rightward direction

Fig. 8

Partial and full search slopes for Experiment 3 (ms/item). HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ± 1SE

Fig. 9

Mean correct reaction times (RTs) as a function of condition and display size for Experiment 3. HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ±1SE

Fig. 10

Schematic of a preview search trial in Experiment 4. The target is defined as a vertically oriented Kanizsa-type rectangle

Fig. 11

Partial and full search slopes for Experiment 4 (ms/item). HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ±1SE

Fig. 12

Mean correct reaction times (RTs) as a function of condition and display size for Experiment 4. HEB = Half element baseline, PRE = Preview condition, FEB = Full element baseline. Error bars indicate ±1SE