Exploring the relationship between nursing identity and advanced nursing practice: An ethnographic study

Abstract

Aims and objectives: To consider the relationship between professional nursing identity and advanced practice by exploring intra-professional relationships between advanced nurse practitioners (ANPs) and nursing colleagues.

Background: Advanced nursing practice continues to develop internationally. Previous studies suggest advanced practice may lack support within nursing, which may lead to underutilisation, retention and patient safety issues. However, the relationship between the wider nursing profession and advanced practice is poorly understood and the theory that professional identity creates cultural barriers to advanced practice has received little empirical attention.

Design: Ethnographic methodology was used.

Methods: Fieldwork methods were participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Participants were ANPs (n = 9) and nursing colleagues (n = 5) across two primary care general practice organisations. Data were analysed thematically using framework analysis, underpinned a priori by professional identity theories. Reporting was guided by COREQ.

Results: Three themes were identified which indicated how intra-professional relationships were conducted: Conciliating Nursing, where ANPs took responsibility for developing positive relationships with other nurses; Vertical Discounting, where nursing colleagues were dismissive and undermined ANPs, who themselves behaved similarly towards other nurses; and Lateral Othering, where ANPs undermined other ANPs. Vertical Discounting and Lateral Othering destabilised advanced practice.

Conclusion: Intra-professional relationships, and the broader nursing profession, shape advanced practice. We theorise this is underpinned by threats to professional identity, while weak professional identity amongst even established advanced practitioners exacerbates lack of support. Highlighting these issues allows space to develop alternative strategies to negotiate intra-professional relationships, informed by professional identity theories, which support rather than inhibit advanced practice.

Relevance to clinical practice: As advanced practice expands throughout primary and secondary care, and across allied health professions, the impact of professional identity and relationships on health care will likely increase and the importance of strong advanced practice identity will become increasingly relevant.

Keywords: advanced nurse practitioners; advanced nursing practice; general practice; intra-professional; positioning theory; primary care; professional identity; social identity theory.