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. 2019 Dec 27;18(1):26.
doi: 10.3390/md18010026.

Extraction of Hydroxyapatite Nanostructures from Marine Wastes for the Fabrication of Biopolymer-Based Porous Scaffolds

Hengameh Gheysari  1 , Fatemeh Mohandes  2 , Mozhdeh Mazaheri  2 , Banafsheh Dolatyar  3 , Masoud Askari  2 , Abdolreza Simchi  2   4
Affiliations

Extraction of Hydroxyapatite Nanostructures from Marine Wastes for the Fabrication of Biopolymer-Based Porous Scaffolds

Hengameh Gheysari et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Three-dimensional porous nanocomposites consisting of gelatin-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) cross-linked by carboxylic acids biopolymers and monophasic hydroxyapatite (HA) nanostructures were fabricated by lyophilization, for soft-bone-tissue engineering. The bioactive ceramic nanostructures were prepared by a novel wet-chemical and low-temperature procedure from marine wastes containing calcium carbonates. The effect of surface-active molecules, including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the morphology of HA nanostructures is shown. It is demonstrated that highly bioactive and monophasic HA nanorods with an aspect ratio > 10 can be synthesized in the presence of SDS. In vitro studies on the bioactive biopolymer composite scaffolds with varying pore sizes, from 100 to 300 μm, determine the capacity of the developed procedure to convert marine wastes to profitable composites for tissue engineering.

Keywords: biopolymer; cytotoxicity; marine waste; tissue engineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) TGA and DSC (inset) curves of oyster shell powders heated in air. (b) FTIR spectrum of the calcined shell at 800 °C for different times.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FESEM images of HA nanostructures synthesized (a) without adding surfactant and with introducing (b) CTAB and (c) SDS.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) XRD patterns and (b) FTIR spectrum of HA nanostructures synthesized in the presence of surfactants.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FESEM images of HA/Gel/CMC scaffolds synthesized by (a) 0.025 g CA, (b) 0.25 g CA, (c) NaCl (420–500 µm), (d) NaCl (180–250 µm), and (e) NaHCO3. The pore-size distribution was shown in the inset of each image.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) FTIR spectrum of gelatin, CMC, and HA/Gel/CMC scaffolds. (b) Water uptake of HA/Gel/CMC scaffolds as a function of soaking time.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Compressive stress–strain curves of HA/Gel/CMC scaffolds cross-linked by different concentrations of CA and porogens. (b) Cell viability of HA/Ge/CMC scaffolds synthesized with NaCl (180–250 µm) and without porogens. FE-SEM images of the cell-cultured scaffolds prepared (c) without porogen and (d) with NaCl particles (180–250 µm). (e) The number of adhered cells on scaffolds after 4 h incubation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic presentation of (a) HA synthesis from oyster shells, (b) effect of surfactants on the HA morphology and particle size, and (c) effect of freeze-drying and salt-porogen on the scaffolds’ porosity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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