Agility Testing in Youth Football (Soccer)Players; Evaluating Reliability, Validity, and Correlates of Newly Developed Testing Protocols

Abstract

Reactive agility (RAG) and change of direction speed (CODS) are important determinants of success in football (soccer), but there is an evident lack of information on reliable and valid football-specific testing procedures which will be applicable in defining sport-specific RAG and CODS in youth players. This study evaluated reliability and construct validity of newly developed tests of football-specific RAG (FS_RAG) and CODS (FS_CODS), which involved the ball kicking football technique. Additionally, factors associated with FS_RAG and FS_CODS were evaluated. The participants were youth football players (n = 59; age: 13.40 ± 1.25 years) divided according to their age into U13 (11-12 years of age; n = 29), and U15 (13-14 years of age; n = 30) categories. Additionally, performance levels (starters [first-team] vs. non-starters [substitutes]) were observed in each age category. The dependent variables were newly developed FS_RAG and FS_CODS tests. The independent variables were sprinting capacities over 10 and 20 meters (S10M, S20M), countermovement jump (CMJ), the reactive strength index (RSI), and a generic CODS test of 20 yards (20Y). The newly developed FS_CODS and FS_RAG were observed as dependent variables. Results showed appropriate intra-testing and inter-testing reliability of the FS_RAG and FS_CODS, with somewhat better reliability of the FS_CODS (ICC=0.82 and 0.79, respectively). Additionally, better reliability was evidenced in U15 than in U13 (ICC: 0.82-0.85, and 0.78-0.80 for U15 and U13, respectively). Independent samples t-test indicated significant differences between U13 and U15 in S10 (t-test: 3.57, p < 0.001), S20M (t-test: 3.13, p < 0.001), 20Y (t-test: 4.89, p < 0.001), FS_RAG (t-test: 3.96, p < 0.001), and FS_CODS (t-test: 6.42, p < 0.001), with better performance in U15. Starters outperformed non-starters in most capacities among U13, but only in FS_RAG among U15 (t-test: 1.56, p < 0.05). Multiple regression calculations indicated nonsignificant association between independent and dependent variables in U13 (FS_CODS: 19%, FS_RAG: 21% of the explained variance, both p > 0.05), but independent variables explained significant proportion of both dependent variables in U15 (FS_CODS: 35%, FS_RAG: 33% explained variance, both p < 0.05). The study confirmed the applicability of newly developed tests in distinguishing studied age categories of players. Results indicate that superiority in all studied fitness capacities is translated into performance level in U13. Meanwhile, FS_RAG seems to be important determinant of quality in U15.

Keywords: determinants; non-planned agility; pre-planned agility; soccer; team sports.

Figure 1

Football/specific reactive agility and change of direction testing polygon.

Figure 2

Effect size (ES) differences in studied variables between U13 and U15 age-category. LEGEND: S10—sprint 10 meters, S20M—sprint 20 meters, CMJ—countermovement jump, RSI—reactive strength index, 20Y—change of direction speed 20 yards test, FS_RAG—football specific reactive agility test, FS_CODS—football specific change of direction speed test, < 0.2 trivial ES, 0.21–0.49 small ES, 0.50–0.79 medium ES, >0.79 strong ES.

Figure 3

Effect size (ES) differences between performance groups (Starters vs Nonstarters) in U13 (A) and U15 (B) category. LEGEND: MO—maturity offset, S10—sprint 10 meters, S20M—sprint 20 meters, CMJ—countermovement jump, RSI—reactive strength index, 20Y—change of direction speed 20 yards test, FS_RAG—football specific reactive agility test, FS_CODS—football specific change of direction speed test, < 0.2 trivial ES, 0.21–0.49 small ES, 0.50–0.79 medium ES, >0.79 strong ES.