Effectiveness of a Mini-Trampoline Training Program on Balance and Functional Mobility, Gait Performance, Strength, Fear of Falling and Bone Mineral Density in Older Women with Osteopenia

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a combined balance-, strength-, and jumping-exercise intervention on a mini-trampoline performed by older women with osteopenia on static balance and functional mobility, gait speed, strength of the upper and lower limbs, fear of falling, as well as to investigate its influence on bone mineral density (BMD).

Patient and methods: Using a randomized controlled study design, participants (range: 56-83 years) were assigned either to the intervention group (IG; n=20, mean age 69.6 ± 5.3 years) performing a specifically tailored intervention on a mini-trampoline or to the control group (CG; n=20, 67.4 ± 6.8 years), that did not undertake any intervention beyond regular osteopenia treatment. The intervention was performed twice a week for 12 weeks, each session lasting 45-60 mins and consisted of balance, strength and jumping exercises. Static balance and functional mobility was measured by one-leg stance (OLS) and timed up and go test (TUG). Upper and lower limb strength was evaluated by the arm curl test (ACT) and the 30-s chair stand test (CST) whereas gait speed was measured by the 6 m walking test (WT). Fear of falling was measured using the Falls Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I). BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Results: Significant interactions (group x time) were found for all parameters (p<0.001) except for BMD, measured at the lumbar spine (p=0.064) and femoral neck (p=0.073). All test parameters of balance and functional mobility tests (OLS, TUG), strength tests (ACT, CST), WT, FES-I and BMD (femoral neck) showed significant improvement in the IG (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The combined 12-week intervention was highly effective in improving balance and functional mobility, strength, gait performance and fear of falling in patients with osteopenia.

Keywords: bone mineral density; fracture risk; mini-trampoline; osteopenia; risk of falling; training intervention.

Figure 1

Flowchart presenting the acquisition of participants.

Figure 2

The used mini-trampoline in the training intervention program.

Figure 3

Gait speed measured within WT of IG and CG at pre- and post-tests; ^*Significant difference between pre- and post-test (p<0.05); ^**Significant difference between groups (p<0.05); Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations of the WT test measurements before (pre) and after (post) the exercise intervention program.

Figure 4

BMD measured at lumbar spine and femoral neck of IG and CG at pre- and post-tests; ^*Significant difference between pre- and post-test (p<0.05); Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations of the BMD test measurements before (pre) and after (post) the exercise intervention program.