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Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Jul 1;46(4):339-349.
doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3877. Epub 2020 Jan 7.

Work-related exposure to violence or threats and risk of mental disorders and symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Laura A Rudkjoebing  1 , Ane Berger Bungum, Esben Meulengracht Flachs, Nanna Hurwitz Eller, Marianne Borritz, Birgit Aust, Reiner Rugulies, Naja Hulvej Rod, Karin Biering, Jens Peter Bonde
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Work-related exposure to violence or threats and risk of mental disorders and symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Laura A Rudkjoebing et al. Scand J Work Environ Health. .

Abstract

Objective This review aimed to examine systematically the epidemiological evidence linking work-related exposure to violence and threats thereof with risk of mental disorders and mental ill-health symptoms. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science to identify original studies that provide quantitative risk estimates. The evidence was weighted according to completeness of reporting, potential common method bias, and bias due to differential selection and drop out, selective reporting, and misclassification of exposure and outcome. Results We identified 14 cross-sectional and 10 cohort studies with eligible risk estimates, of which 4 examined depressive disorder and reported an elevated risk among the exposed [pooled relative risk (RR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-1.54, I 2=0%]. The occurrence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, burnout and psychological distress was examined in 17 studies (pooled RR 2.33, 95% CI 3.17, I 2=42%), and 3 studies examined risk of sleep disturbance (pooled RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.09-1.37, I2=0%). In most studies, common method bias and confounding could not be ruled out with confidence and strong heterogeneity in most outcome definitions invalidate the strict interpretation of most pooled risk estimates. Conclusion The reviewed studies consistently indicate associations between workplace violence and mental health problems. However, due to methodological limitations the causal associations (if any) may be stronger or weaker than the ones reported in this study. Prospective studies with independent and validated reporting of exposure and outcome and repeated follow-up with relevant intervals are highly warranted.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Prisma flow diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot on the association between violence/threats of violence and risk of depression and depressive symptoms.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot on the association between violence/threats of violence and treatment with anxiolytics, anxiety symptoms, burnout, anxiety symptoms and sleep impairment.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Funnel plot of all included studies.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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