Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2020 Jan 8;1(1):CD012614.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012614.pub2.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus

Thomas Fuller  1   2   3 , Rilana Cima  1   2 , Berthold Langguth  4 , Birgit Mazurek  5 , Johan Ws Vlaeyen  6 , Derek J Hoare  7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus

Thomas Fuller et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Tinnitus affects up to 21% of the adult population with an estimated 1% to 3% experiencing severe problems. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a collection of psychological treatments based on the cognitive and behavioural traditions in psychology and often used to treat people suffering from tinnitus.

Objectives: To assess the effects and safety of CBT for tinnitus in adults.

Search methods: The Cochrane ENT Information Specialist searched the ENT Trials Register; CENTRAL (2019, Issue 11); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid Embase; CINAHL; Web of Science; ClinicalTrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 25 November 2019.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT versus no intervention, audiological care, tinnitus retraining therapy or any other active treatment in adult participants with tinnitus.

Data collection and analysis: We used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were the impact of tinnitus on disease-specific quality of life and serious adverse effects. Our secondary outcomes were: depression, anxiety, general health-related quality of life, negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus and other adverse effects. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome.

Main results: We included 28 studies (mostly from Europe) with a total of 2733 participants. All participants had had tinnitus for at least three months and their average age ranged from 43 to 70 years. The duration of the CBT ranged from 3 to 22 weeks and it was mostly conducted in hospitals or online. There were four comparisons and we were interested in outcomes at end of treatment, and 6 and 12 months follow-up. The results below only refer to outcomes at end of treatment due to an absence of evidence at the other follow-up time points. CBT versus no intervention/wait list control Fourteen studies compared CBT with no intervention/wait list control. For the primary outcome, CBT may reduce the impact of tinnitus on quality of life at treatment end (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.83 to -0.30; 10 studies; 537 participants; low certainty). Re-expressed as a score on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI; range 0 to 100) this is equivalent to a score 10.91 points lower in the CBT group, with an estimated minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for this scale being 7 points. Seven studies, rated as moderate certainty, either reported or informed us via personal communication about serious adverse effects. CBT probably results in little or no difference in adverse effects: six studies reported none and in one study one participant in the CBT condition worsened (risk ratio (RR) 3.00, 95% CI 0.13 to 69.87). For the secondary outcomes, CBT may result in a slight reduction in depression (SMD -0.34, 95% CI-0.60 to -0.08; 8 studies; 502 participants; low certainty). However, we are uncertain whether CBT reduces anxiety, improves health-related quality of life or reduces negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus (all very low certainty). From seven studies, no other adverse effects were reported (moderate certainty). CBT versus audiological care Three studies compared CBT with audiological care. CBT probably reduces the impact of tinnitus on quality of life when compared with audiological care as measured by the THI (range 0 to 100; mean difference (MD) -5.65, 95% CI -9.79 to -1.50; 3 studies; 444 participants) (moderate certainty; MCID = 7 points). No serious adverse effects occurred in the two included studies reporting these, thus risk ratios were not calculated (moderate certainty). The evidence suggests that CBT may slightly reduce depression but may result in little or no difference in anxiety or health-related quality of life (all low certainty) when compared with audiological care. CBT may reduce negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus when compared with audiological care (low certainty). No other adverse effects were reported for either group (moderate certainty). CBT versus tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) One study compared CBT with TRT (including bilateral sound generators as per TRT protocol). CBT may reduce the impact of tinnitus on quality of life as measured by the THI when compared with TRT (range 0 to 100) (MD -15.79, 95% CI -27.91 to -3.67; 1 study; 42 participants; low certainty). For serious adverse effects three participants deteriorated during the study: one in the CBT (n = 22) and two in the TRT group (n = 20) (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.04 to 4.64; low certainty). We are uncertain whether CBT reduces depression and anxiety or improves health-related quality of life (low certainty). CBT may reduce negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus. No data were available for other adverse effects. CBT versus other active control Sixteen studies compared CBT with another active control (e.g. relaxation, information, Internet-based discussion forums). CBT may reduce the impact of tinnitus on quality of life when compared with other active treatments (SMD -0.30, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.05; 12 studies; 966 participants; low certainty). Re-expressed as a THI score this is equivalent to 5.84 points lower in the CBT group than the other active control group (MCID = 7 points). One study reported that three participants deteriorated: one in the CBT and two in the information only group (RR 1.70, 95% CI 0.16 to 18.36; low certainty). CBT may reduce depression and anxiety (both low certainty). We are uncertain whether CBT improves health-related quality of life compared with other control. CBT probably reduces negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus compared with other treatments. No data were available for other adverse effects.

Authors' conclusions: CBT may be effective in reducing the negative impact that tinnitus can have on quality of life. There is, however, an absence of evidence at 6 or 12 months follow-up. There is also some evidence that adverse effects may be rare in adults with tinnitus receiving CBT, but this could be further investigated. CBT for tinnitus may have small additional benefit in reducing symptoms of depression although uncertainty remains due to concerns about the quality of the evidence. Overall, there is limited evidence for CBT for tinnitus improving anxiety, health-related quality of life or negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Where review authors were also study authors, they had no involvement in study selection, data extraction or risk of bias assessment.

Thomas Fuller: none known.

Rilana Cima: was an investigator and author of the Cima 2012 study, which was a RCT comparing stepped CBT‐based care with treatment as usual on the impact of tinnitus on quality of life.

Berthold Langguth: has received funding for research from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the German Ministry for Research, the American Tinnitus Association, the Tinnitus Research Initiative, the European Union, Otonomy and Sivantos. He has received consultancy and speaker honoraria from Autifony, ANM, Astra Zeneca, Kyorin, Merz, McKinsey, Microtransponder, Neuromod, Novartis, Pfizer, Lundbeck and Servier.

Birgit Mazurek: has received funding for research from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the German Ministry for Research, the American Tinnitus Association and the German Tinnitus Association Charité.

Derek J Hoare: is vice chair of the British Society of Audiology.

Johan WS Vlaeyen: was an investigator and author of the Cima 2012 study, which was a RCT comparing stepped CBT‐based care with treatment as usual on the impact of tinnitus on quality of life.

Figures

1
1
Process for sifting search results and selecting studies for inclusion
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, outcome: 1.1 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), outcome: 2.1 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 4 CBT versus other experimental control, outcome: 4.1 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 1 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 2 Serious adverse effects at end of treatment.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 3 Depression at end of treatment.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 4 Anxiety at end of treatment.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 5 Health‐related quality of life at end of treatment.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 6 Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus at end of treatment.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 7 Subgroup analysis (random‐effects model): type of therapy ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 8 Subgroup analysis (fixed‐effect model): type of therapy ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 9 Subgroup analysis (random‐effects model): mode of delivery ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 10 Subgroup analysis (fixed‐effect model): mode of delivery ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 11 Subgroup analysis (random‐effects model): unit of delivery ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 12 Subgroup analysis (fixed‐effect model): unit of delivery ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 13 Subgroup analysis (random‐effects model): who delivers CBT ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 14 Subgroup analysis (fixed‐effect model): who delivers CBT ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 15 Sensitivity analysis without Malinvaud (high risk of bias) impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 CBT versus no intervention/waiting list control, Outcome 16 Sensitivity analysis with optimistic assumption for Malinvaud ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), Outcome 1 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), Outcome 2 Serious adverse effects at end of treatment.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), Outcome 3 Depression at end of treatment.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), Outcome 4 Anxiety at end of treatment.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), Outcome 5 Health‐related quality of life.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), Outcome 6 Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 CBT versus audiological care (tinnitus education and rehabilitation for hearing loss), Outcome 7 Sensitivity analysis (fixed‐effect model): impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 CBT versus TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking), Outcome 1 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 CBT versus TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking), Outcome 2 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at 6 months follow‐up.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 CBT versus TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking), Outcome 3 Serious adverse effects at end of treatment.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 CBT versus TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking), Outcome 4 Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus at end of treatment.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 CBT versus TRT (directive counselling and bilateral masking), Outcome 5 Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus at 6 months follow‐up.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 1 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 2 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at 6 months follow‐up.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 3 Impact of tinnitus on quality of life at 12 months follow‐up.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 4 Serious adverse effects at the end of treatment.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 5 Depression at end of treatment.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 6 Depression at 6 months follow‐up.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 7 Depression at 12 months.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 8 Anxiety at end of treatment.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 9 Anxiety at 6 months follow‐up.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 10 Health‐related quality of life at end of treatment.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 11 Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus at end of treatment.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 12 Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus at 6 months follow‐up.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 13 Negatively biased interpretations of tinnitus at 12 months follow‐up.
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 14 Subgroup analysis (random‐effects model): type of therapy ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 15 Subgroup analysis (fixed‐effect model): type of therapy ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 16 Subgroup analysis: mode of delivery ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.17
4.17. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 17 Subgroup analysis: unit of delivery ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.18
4.18. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 18 Subgroup analysis: who delivers intervention ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.19
4.19. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 19 Subgroup analysis: type of control ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.20
4.20. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 20 Sensitivity analysis (fixed‐effect model): impact of tinnitus on quality of life at end of treatment.
4.21
4.21. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 21 Sensitivity analysis: without studies at high risk of bias for incomplete outcome data ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.22
4.22. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 22 Sensitivity analysis: without high risk of bias of missing outcome data, by subgroups (random‐effects model): type of therapy ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.23
4.23. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 23 Sensitivity analysis: optimistic assumption for Malinvaud ‐ impact of tinnitus on quality of life.
4.24
4.24. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 24 Sensitivity analysis: optimistic assumption for Malinvaud ‐ depression.
4.25
4.25. Analysis
Comparison 4 CBT versus other active control, Outcome 25 Sensitivity analysis: optimistic assumption for Malinvaud ‐ anxiety.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012614

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Abbott 2009 {published data only}
    1. Abbott JA, Kaldo V, Klein B, Austin D, Hamilton C, Piterman L, et al. A cluster randomised trial of an internet‐based intervention program for tinnitus distress in an industrial setting. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2009;38(3):162‐73. [DOI: 10.1080/16506070902763174] - DOI - PubMed
Andersson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G, Stromgren T, Strom L, Lyttkens L. Randomized controlled trial of internet‐based cognitive behavior therapy for distress associated with tinnitus. Psychosomatic Medicine 2002;64(5):810‐6. [DOI: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000031577.42041.F8] - DOI - PubMed
Andersson 2005 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G, Porsaeus D, Wiklund M, Kaldo V, Larsen HC. Treatment of tinnitus in the elderly: a controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy. International Journal of Audiology 2005;44(11):671‐5. [DOI: 10.1080/14992020500266720] - DOI - PubMed
Arif 2017 {published data only}
    1. Arif M, Sadlier M, Rajenderkumar D, James J, Tahir T. A randomised controlled study of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation therapy in the management of tinnitus. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 2017;131(6):501‐7. [DOI: 10.1017/S002221511700069X] - DOI - PubMed
Beukes 2018a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Beukes EW, Baguley DM, Allen PM, Manchaiah V, Andersson G. Audiologist‐ guided internet‐based cognitive behavior therapy for adults with tinnitus in the United Kingdom: a randomized controlled trial. Ear and Hearing 2018; Vol. 39, issue 3:423‐33. [0196‐0202] - PubMed
    1. NCT02370810. A CBT‐based internet intervention for adults with tinnitus in the United Kingdom [Study protocol for a CBT‐based internet intervention for adults with tinnitus in the United Kingdom: a randomise controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02370810 (first received 25 February 2015). [CENTRAL: CN‐01050683; CRS: 1781268]
Beukes 2018b {published data only}
    1. Beukes EW, Andersson G, Allen PM, Manchaiah V, Baguley D. Guided internet‐based versus face‐to‐face clinical care in the treatment of tinnitus: a multicentre randomized non‐inferiority trial. JAMA Otolaryngology‐Head & Neck Surgery 2018;144(12):1126‐33. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.2238] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02665975. Internet‐based versus face‐to‐face clinical care for tinnitus [Internet‐based versus face‐to‐face clinical care for tinnitus: a multi‐study randomised control trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02665975 (first received 28 January 2016). [CENTRAL: CN‐01180255; CRS: 4390326]
Cima 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cima RF, Maes IH, Joore MA, Scheyen DJ, Refaie A, Baguley DM, et al. Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;379:1951‐9. - PubMed
    1. NCT00733044. Cost‐effectiveness of multidisciplinary management of tinnitus [Cost‐effectiveness of multidisciplinary management of tinnitus at a specialised tinnitus centre]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00733044 (first received 12 August 2008). [CENTRAL: CN‐00874706; CRS: 1648542]
Davies 1995 {published data only}
    1. Davies S, McKenna L, Hallam RS. Relaxation and cognitive therapy: a controlled trial in chronic tinnitus. Psychology & Health 1995;10(2):129‐43.
Henry 1996 {published data only}
    1. Henry JL, Wilson PH. The psychological management of tinnitus: comparison of a combined cognitive educational program, education alone and a waiting‐list control. International Tinnitus Journal 1996;2:9‐20. [PUBMED: 10753339] - PubMed
Henry 1998 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Henry JL, Wilson PH. An evaluation of two types of cognitive intervention in the management of chronic tinnitus. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy 1998;27(4):156‐66. [DOI: 10.1080/02845719808408510] - DOI
Hesser 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hesser H, Gustafsson T, Lunden C, Henrikson O, Fattahi K, Johnsson E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of internet‐delivered cognitive behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of tinnitus. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012;80(4):649‐61. [DOI: 10.1037/a0027021] - DOI - PubMed
Jakes 1986 {published data only}
    1. Jakes S, Hallam R, Rachman S, Hinchcliffe R. The effects of reassurance relaxation training and distraction on chronic tinnitus sufferers. Behavior Research and Therapy 1986;24(5):497‐507. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90029-X] - DOI - PubMed
Jakes 1992 {published data only}
    1. Jakes SC, Hallam RS, McKenna L, Hinchcliffe R. Group cognitive therapy for medical patients ‐ an application to tinnitus. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1992;16(1):67‐82. [DOI: 10.1007/BF01172957] - DOI
Jasper 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jasper K, Weise C, Conrad I, Andersson G, Hiller W, Kleinstauber M. Internet‐based guided self‐help versus group cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2014;83(4):234‐46. - PubMed
    1. NCT01205906. Comparison of an internet‐based guided self‐help and a group therapy for chronic tinnitus [Comparison of the efficacy of an internet‐based self‐help training and a well‐established outpatient group therapy for the treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01205906 (first received 21 September 2010). [CENTRAL: CN‐00921448; CRS: 1689266]
Kaldo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kaldo V, Cars S, Rahnert M, Larsen HC, Andersson G. Use of a self‐help book with weekly therapist contact to reduce tinnitus distress: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2007;63(2):195‐202. - PubMed
Kreuzer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kreuzer PM, Goetz M, Holl M, Schecklmann M, Landgrebe M, Staudinger S, et al. Mindfulness‐and body‐psychotherapy‐based group treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012;12:235. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01540357. Mindfulness‐based therapy in chronic tinnitus [Mindfulness‐based therapy for the treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled pilot study]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01540357 (first received 28 February 2012). [CENTRAL: CN‐00921453; CRS: 1689271]
Lindberg 1989 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Lindberg P, Scott B, Melin L, Lyttkens L. The psychological treatment of tinnitus: an experimental evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1989;27(6):593‐603. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(89)90143-5] - DOI - PubMed
Malinvaud 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Malinvaud D, Londero A, Niarra R, Peignard P, Warusfel O, Viaud‐Delmon I, et al. Auditory and visual 3D virtual reality therapy as a new treatment for chronic subjective tinnitus: results of a randomized controlled trial. Hearing Research 2016;333:127‐35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.12.023] - DOI - PubMed
Martz 2018 {published data only}
    1. Martz E, Chesney M, Livneh H, Jelleberg C, Fuller B, Henry JA. A pilot randomized clinical trial comparing three brief group interventions for individuals with tinnitus. Global Advances in Health and Medicine 2018;7:1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02293512. A comparison of three psychoeducational group interventions for veterans with tinnitus [A comparison of CBT and CET interventions for veterans with tinnitus]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02293512 (first received 18 November 2014). [CENTRAL: CN‐01039743; CRS: 1770339]
McKenna 2017 {published data only}
    1. McKenna L, Marks EM, Hallsworth CA, Schaette R. Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2017;86(6):351‐61. [0033‐3190] - PubMed
    1. NCT02059447. A comparison of the benefits of mindfulness based cognitive therapy, relaxation therapy and a waiting list control in the management of distress in chronic tinnitus patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02059447 (first received 11 February 2014). [CENTRAL: CN‐00994037; CRS: 1724717]
Nyenhuis 2013a {published data only}
    1. Nyenhuis N, Zastrutzki S, Weise C, Jager B, Kroner‐Herwig B. The efficacy of minimal contact interventions for acute tinnitus: a randomised controlled study. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2013;42(2):127‐38. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2012.655305] - DOI - PubMed
Oron (unpublished) {unpublished data only}
    1. Martz E, Chesney MA, Livneh H, Ungar OJ, Harel S, Terracini D, Oron Y. Two brief group interventions for individuals with tinnitus in Israel. Unpublished.
    1. NCT03068871. A comparison of two psycho‐educational group interventions for tinnitus patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03068871 (first received 3 March 2017). [CENTRAL: CN‐01343644; CRS: 5479734]
Philippot 2012a {published data only}
    1. Philippot P, Nef F, Clauw L, Romree M, Segal Z. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for treating tinnitus. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2012;19(5):411‐9. [10.1002/cpp.756] - PubMed
Robinson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Robinson SK, Viirre ES, Bailey KA, Kindermann S, Minassian AL, Goldin PR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavior therapy for tinnitus. International Tinnitus Journal 2008;14(2):119‐26. - PubMed
Schmidt 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT00724152. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for tinnitus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00724152 (first received 29 July 2008). [CENTRAL: CN‐00921437; CRS: 1689255]
    1. Schmidt CJ, Kerns RD, Finkel S, Michaelides E, Henry JA. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for veterans with tinnitus. Federal Practitioner 2018;35(8):36‐46. [PUBMED: 30766380] - PMC - PubMed
Weise 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT01205919. Internet‐based guided self‐help for chronic tinnitus [Efficacy of an internet‐based guided self‐help training for chronic tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01205919 (first received 21 September 2010). [CENTRAL: CN‐00921442; CRS: 1689260]
    1. Weise C, Kleinstauber M, Andersson G. Internet‐delivered cognitive‐behavior therapy for tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatic medicine 2016;78(4):501‐10. - PubMed
Westin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Westin VZ, Schulin M, Hesser H, Karlsson M, Noe RZ, Olofsson U, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy versus tinnitus retraining therapy in the treatment of tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2011;49(11):737‐47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.001] - DOI - PubMed
Zhong 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zhong C, Zhong Z, Luo Q, Qiu Y, Yang Q, Liu Y. The curative effect of cognitive behavior therapy for the treatment of chronic subjective tinnitus. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke za Zhi [Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery] 2014;29(8):709‐11. [PUBMED: 26248442] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Delb 2002 {published data only}
    1. Delb W, D'Amelio R, Boisten CJ, Plinkert PK. Evaluation of the tinnitus retraining therapy as combined with a cognitive behavioral group therapy. HNO 2002;50(11):997‐1004. - PubMed
Henry 2017 {published data only}
    1. Henry JA, Thielman EJ, Zaugg TL, Kaelin C, Schmidt CJ, Griest S, et al. Randomized controlled trial in clinical settings to evaluate effectiveness of coping skills education used with progressive tinnitus management. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2017;60(5):1378‐97. - PubMed
Kaldo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kaldo V, Levin S, Widarsson J, Buhrman M, Larsen HC, Andersson G. Internet versus group cognitive‐behavioral treatment of distress associated with tinnitus: a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy 2008;39(4):348‐59. - PubMed
Konzag 2006 {published data only}
    1. Konzag TA, Rubler D, Bloching M, Bandemer‐Greulich U, Fikentscher E, Frommer J. Counselling versus a self‐help manual for tinnitus outpatients: a comparison of effectiveness. HNO 2006;54(8):599‐604. - PubMed
Kröner‐Herwig 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kröner‐Herwig B, Hebing G, Rijn‐Kalkmann U, Frenzel A, Schilkowsky G, Esser G. The management of chronic tinnitus‐‐comparison of a cognitive‐behavioural group training with yoga. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1995;39(2):153‐65. - PubMed
Kröner‐Herwig 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kroener‐Herwig B, Esser G, Frenzel A, Fritsche G, Schilkowsky G. Result of an outpatient cognitive‐behavioral group treatment for chronic tinnitus. Proceedings of the Sixth International Tinnitus Seminar, Cambridge, UK, 5‐9 September, 1999. 1999:369‐72.
Kröner‐Herwig 2003 {published data only}
    1. Kroner‐Herwig B, Frenzel A, Fritsche G, Schilkowsky G, Esser G. The management of chronic tinnitus: comparison of an outpatient cognitive‐behavioral group training to minimal‐contact interventions. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2003;54(4):381‐9. - PubMed
Kröner‐Herwig 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kroner‐Herwig B, Zachriat C, Weigand D. Do patient characteristics predict outcome in the outpatient treatment of chronic tinnitus?. Psycho‐social Medicine 2006;3:Doc07. - PMC - PubMed
Li 2019 {published data only}
    1. Juan L, Jianhua J, Songli X, Qian Z, Yuqin C, Min H, et al. Clinical efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic subjective tinnitus. American Journal of Otolaryngology 2019;40:253‐6. - PubMed
Luyten 2019 {published data only}
    1. Luyten T, Heyning P, Jacquemin L, Looveren N, Declau F, Fransen E, et al. The value of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing in the treatment of tinnitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019;20:32. - PMC - PubMed
Malouff 2010 {published data only}
    1. Malouff JM, Noble W, Schutte NS, Bhullar N. The effectiveness of bibliotherapy in alleviating tinnitus‐related distress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2010;68(3):245‐51. - PubMed
Rief 2005 {published data only}
    1. Rief W, Weise C, Kley N, Martin A. Psychophysiologic treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized clinical trial. Psychosomatic Medicine 2005;67(5):833‐8. - PubMed
Scott 1985 {published data only}
    1. Scott B, Lindberg P, Lyttkens L, Melin L. Psychological treatment of tinnitus. An experimental group study. Scandinavian Audiology 1985;14(4):223‐30. - PubMed
Tan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tan Y, Chen L, Luo Z, Ye W. The therapeutic effect of rehabilitation exercise and cognitive‐behavioral intervention on the patients with tinnitus. Modern Clinical Nursing 2018;17(2):34‐9.
Tavakoli 2019 {published data only}
    1. Tavakoli M, Marashi S, Hamid N, Beshlideh K. The effects of cognitive‐behavioral training and muscle relaxation on the degree of tinnitus and the quality of sleep. Auditory and Vestibular Research 2019;28(3):182‐9.
Tucker 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tucker EM. Tinnitus in Cochlear Implantees: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Cochlear Implant Users [Doctoral Thesis]. Available from: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/. University of Southampton, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, 2013.
Weise 2008 {published data only}
    1. Weise C, Heinecke K, Rief W. Biofeedback‐based behavioral treatment for chronic tinnitus: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2008;76(6):1046‐57. - PubMed
Zachriat 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zachriat C, Kroner‐Herwig B. Treating chronic tinnitus: comparison of cognitive‐behavioural and habituation‐based treatments. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2004;33(4):187‐98. - PubMed
Zenner 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT00719940. Tinnitus treatment by structured cognitive behavioral therapy [Randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy and safety of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) within the setting of the structured therapy program sTCP (structured tinnitus care program) in patients with tinnitus aurium]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct00719940 (first received 22 July 2008). [CENTRAL: CN‐00725092; CRS: 1526940]
    1. Zenner HP, Vonthein R, Zenner B, Leuchtweis R, Plontke SK, Torka W, et al. Standardized tinnitus‐specific individual cognitive‐behavioral therapy: a controlled outcome study with 286 tinnitus patients. Hearing Research 2013;298:117‐25. - PubMed
Zhicheng 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zhicheng L. Resilience training to improve tinnitus distress: a randomized controlled trial. International Clinical Trials Registry 2019.

References to ongoing studies

NCT03022084 {published data only}
    1. NCT03022084. Clinical trial of sound‐based versus behavioral therapy for tinnitus. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03022084 (first received 16 January 2017).
NCT03386123 {published data only}
    1. NCT03386123. A comparison of CBTi and usual treatment for tinnitus related insomnia [A comparison of cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (CBTi) and usual audiological rehabilitation in the management of tinnitus related insomnia]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03386123 (first received 29 December 2017).
NCT04004260 {published data only}
    1. Manchaiah V. CBT‐based internet intervention for adults with tinnitus in the United States. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct04004260 (first received 2 July 2019).
NTR6415 {published data only}
    1. NTR6415. Bold exposure or safe masking? A fear‐conditioning approach to chronic tinnitus suffering [Bold exposure or safe masking? A fear‐conditioning approach to chronic tinnitus suffering; a randomised controlled trial]. trialregister.nl/trial/6235 (first received 24 April 2017).
SLCTR/2018/005 {published data only}
    1. SLCTR/2018/005. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus [Effectiveness of modified cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing distress for patients with tinnitus who are receiving treatment at two tertiary care hospitals in Sri Lanka, a randomised controlled trial]. slctr.lk/trials/slctr‐2018‐005 (first received 2 February 2018).

Additional references

Andersson 1999
    1. Andersson G, Lyttkens L. A meta‐analytic review of psychological treatments for tinnitus. British Journal of Audiology 1999;33(4):201‐10. [PUBMED: 10509855] - PubMed
Andersson 2001
    1. Andersson G. The role of psychology in managing tinnitus: a cognitive behavioural approach. Seminars in Hearing 2001;22:65‐76.
Andersson 2004
    1. Andersson G, Kaldo V. Internet‐based cognitive behavioral therapy for tinnitus. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2004;60(2):171‐8. [0021‐9762: (Print)] - PubMed
Andersson 2009
    1. Andersson G. Tinnitus patients with cognitive problems: causes and possible treatments. The Hearing Journal 2009;62:27‐8,30.
Baguley 2013
    1. Baguley D, Andersson G, McFerran D, McKenna L. Tinnitus: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Second Edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013.
Bakal 1972
    1. Bakal D. The Psychobiology of Chronic Headache. New York: Springer, 1972.
Beck 1979
    1. Beck AT. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York: International Universities Press, 1979.
Beck 1988
    1. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988;56(6):893‐7. - PubMed
Beck 1996
    1. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory‐II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation, 1996.
Bernstein 1973
    1. Bernstein DA, Borkovec TD. Progressive Relaxation Training: A Manual for the Helping Professions. Champaign, IL, US: Research Press, 1973:viii, 66.
Bernstein 1984
    1. Bernstein DA, Borkovec TD. Progressive Relaxation Training. Champaign, Illinois: Research Press, 1984.
Beukes 2018c
    1. Beukes E, Allen P, Baguley D, Manchaiah V, Andersson G. Long‐term efficacy of audiologist‐guided internet‐based cognitive behavior therapy for tinnitus. American Journal of Audiology 2018;27:431‐47. [DOI: 10.1044/2018_AJA-IMIA3-18-0004] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Beukes 2019
    1. Beukes E, Manchaiah V, Allen P, Baguley D, Andersson G. Internet‐based interventions for adults with hearing loss, tinnitus and vestibular disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Trends in Hearing 2019;23:1‐22. - PMC - PubMed
Biesinger 1998
    1. Biesinger E, Heiden C, Greimel V, Lendle T, Höing R, Albegger K. Strategien in der ambulaten Behandlung des Tinnitus. HNO 1998;46(2):157‐69. [0017‐6192] - PubMed
Bishop 2004
    1. Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, et al. Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2004;11(3):230‐41.
Bouton 2007
    1. Bouton M. Learning and Behavior: A Contemporary Synthesis. Sunderland: MA Sinauer, 2007.
Buss 1998
    1. Buss E, Hall III JW, Grose JH, Hatch DR. Perceptual consequences of peripheral hearing loss: do edge effects exist for abrupt cochlear lesions?. Hearing Research 1998;125:98‐108. - PubMed
Carver 1989
    1. Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989;56(2):267‐83. - PubMed
Carver 1997
    1. Carver CS. You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1997;4(1):92‐100. - PubMed
Chan 2013
    1. Chan A‐W, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gøtzsche PC, Krleža‐Jerić K, et al. SPIRIT 2013 Statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;158(3):200‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Cima 2011a
    1. Cima RF, Vlaeyen JW, Maes IH, Joore MA, Anteunis LJ. Tinnitus interferes with daily life activities: a psychometric examination of the Tinnitus Disability Index. Ear and Hearing 2011;32(5):623‐33. [PUBMED: 21336139] - PubMed
Cima 2011b
    1. Cima RF, Crombez G, Vlaeuen JW. Catastrophizing and fear of tinnitus predict quality of life in patients with chronic tinnitus. Ear and Hearing 2011;32(5):634‐64. - PubMed
Cima 2014
    1. Cima RFF, Andersson G, Schmidt CJ, Henry JA. Cognitive‐behavioral treatments for tinnitus: a review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2014;25:29‐61. - PubMed
Cima 2019
    1. Cima RFF, Mazurek B, Haider H, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Norena A, et al. A multidisciplinary European guideline for tinnitus: diagnostics, assessment, and treatment. HNO 2019;67(Suppl 1):10‐42. - PubMed
Crönlein 2007
    1. Crönlein T, Langguth B, Geisler P, Hajak G. Tinnitus and insomnia. Progress in Brain Research 2007;166:227‐33. - PubMed
Davis 2000
    1. Davis A, Rafaie A. Epidemiology of tinnitus. In: Tyler RS editor(s). Tinnitus Handbook. Singular, Thomson Learning, 2000.
de Ridder 2011
    1. Ridder D, Elgoyhen AB, Romo R, Langguth B. Phantom percepts: tinnitus and pain as persisting aversive memory networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011;108(20):8075‐80. - PMC - PubMed
de Ridder 2014
    1. Ridder D, Vanneste S, Weisz N, Londero A, Schlee W, Elgoyhen AB, et al. An integrative model of auditory phantom perception: tinnitus as a unified percept of interacting separable subnetworks. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2014;44:16‐32. - PubMed
Department of Health 2009
    1. Department of Health. Provision of Services for Adults with Tinnitus. A Good Practice Guide. London: Central Office of Information, 2009.
Diener 1985
    1. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 1985;49:71‐5. - PubMed
Dietrich 2001
    1. Dietrich V, Nieschalk M, Stoll W, Rajan R, Pantev C. Cortical reorganization in patients with high frequency cochlear hearing loss. Hearing Research 2001;158:95‐101. - PubMed
Dobie 1999
    1. Dobie RA. A review of randomized clinical trials in tinnitus. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1202‐11. - PubMed
Dong 2010
    1. Dong S, Rodger J, Mulders WH, Robertson D. Tonotopic changes in GABA receptor expression in guinea pig inferior colliculus after partial unilateral hearing loss. Brain Research 2010;1342:24‐32. - PubMed
Ecclestone 2013
    1. Eccleston C, Morley SJ, Williams AC. Psychological approaches to chronic pain management: evidence and challenges. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013;111(1):59‐63. - PubMed
Eggermont 2004
    1. Eggermont JJ, Roberts LE. The neuroscience of tinnitus. Trends in Neuroscience 2004;27:676‐82. - PubMed
Eggermont 2014
    1. Eggermont JJ, Roberts LE. Tinnitus: animal models and findings in humans. Cell and Tissue Research 2014;361(1):311‐36. - PMC - PubMed
El‐Shunnar 2011
    1. El‐Shunnar S, Hoare DJ, Smith S, Gander PE, Kang S, Fackrell K, et al. Primary care for tinnitus: practice and opinion among GPs in England. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2011;17:684‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Elgoyhen 2015
    1. Elgoyhen AB, Langguth B, Ridder D, Vanneste S. Tinnitus: perspectives from human neuroimaging. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 2015;16(10):632‐42. - PubMed
Ellis 1977
    1. Ellis A, Grieger R (editors). Handbook of Rational‐Emotive Therapy. Vol. 1, New York: Springer, 1977.
Engineer 2011
    1. Engineer ND, Riley JR, Seale JD, Vrana WA, Shetake JA, Sudanagunta SP, et al. Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity. Nature 2011;470:101‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Fackrell 2014
    1. Fackrell K, Hall DA, Barry J, Hoare DJ. Tools for tinnitus measurement: development and validity of questionnaires to assess handicap and treatment effects. In: Signorelli F, Turjman F editor(s). Tinnitus: Causes, Treatment and Short & Long‐Term Health Effects. New York: Nova Science Publisher, 2014:13‐60.
Fowler 1944
    1. Fowler EP. Head noises in normal and disordered ears: significance, measurement, differentiation and treatment. Archives of Otolaryngology 1944;39:490‐503.
Frisch 1992
    1. Frisch MB, Cornell J, Villanueva M, & PJ. Clinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory: a measure of life satisfaction of use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment 1992;4:92–101.
Fuller 2017a
    1. Fuller TE, Haider HF, Kikidis D, Lapira A, Mazurek B, Norena A, et al. Different teams, same conclusions? A systematic review of existing clinical guidelines for the assessment and treatment of tinnitus in adults. Frontiers in Psychology 2017;8:206. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00206] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Furlong 2001
    1. Furlong WJ, Feeny DH, Torrance GW, Barr RD. The Health Utilities Index (HUI®) system for assessing health‐related quality of life in clinical studies. Annals of Medicine 2001;33:375‐84. - PubMed
Gallus 2015
    1. Gallus S, Lugo A, Garavello W, Bosetti C, Santoro E, Colombo P, et al. Prevalence and determinants of tinnitus in the Italian adult population. Neuroepidemiology 2015;45(1):12‐9. - PubMed
Goebel 1994
    1. Goebel G, Hiller W. The Tinnitus Questionnaire. A standard instrument for grading the degree of tinnitus. Results of a multicenter study with the tinnitus questionnaire [Tinnitus‐Fragebogen (TF). Standardinstrument zur Graduierung des Tinnitusschweregrades. Ergebnisse einer Multicenterstudie mit dem Tinnitus‐Fragebogen (TF)]. HNO 1994;42(3):166‐72. - PubMed
Hahn 2008
    1. Hahn A, Radkova R, Achiemere G, Klement V, Alpini D, Strouhal J. Multimodal therapy for chronic tinnitus. International Tinnitus Journal 2008;14:69‐71. - PubMed
Hall 2011
    1. Hall D, Láinez M, Newman C, Sanchez T, Egler M, Tennigkeit F, et al. Treatment options for subjective tinnitus: self reports from a sample of general practitioners and ENT physicians within Europe and the USA. BMC Health Services Research 2011;11(1):302. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2016
    1. Hall D, Haider H, Szczepek A, Lau P, Rabau S, Jones‐Diette J, et al. Systematic review of outcome domains and instruments used in clinical trials of tinnitus treatments in adults. Trials 2016;17(1):270. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1399-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hall 2018
    1. Hall DA, Smith H, Hibbert A, Colley V, Haider HF, Horobin A, et al. Core Outcome Measures in Tinnitus (COMiT) initiative. The COMiT'ID Study: developing core outcome domains sets for clinical trials of sound‐, psychology‐, and pharmacology‐based interventions for chronic subjective tinnitus in adults. Trends in Hearing 2018;22:1‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Hallam 1984
    1. Hallam RS, Rachman S, Hinchcliffe R. Psychological aspects of tinnitus. In: Rachman S editor(s). Contributions to Medical Psychology. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984.
Hallam 1988
    1. Hallam RS, Jakes SC, Hinchcliffe R. Cognitive variables in tinnitus annoyance. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1988;27:213‐22. - PubMed
Hallam 2008
    1. Hallam RS. Manual of the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ). Revised and updated. London: Polpresa Press, 2008.
Hamilton 1960
    1. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1960;23(1):56‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Han 2009
    1. Han BI, Lee HW, Kim TY, Lim JS, Shin KS. Tinnitus: characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments. Journal of Clinical Neurology 2009;5:11‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Hayes 1999
    1. Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change. New York: Guildford Press, 1999.
Hays 1993
    1. Hays RD, Sherbourne CD, Mazel RM. The RAND 36‐item health survey 1.0. Health Economics 1993;2(3):217‐27. - PubMed
Henry 1996a
    1. Henry JL, Wilson PH. The psychological management of tinnitus: comparison of a combined cognitive educational program, education alone and a waiting‐list control. International Tinnitus Journal 1996;2:9‐20. - PubMed
Henry 1998a
    1. Henry JL, Wilson P. The psychometric properties of two measures of tinnitus complaint and handicap. International Tinnitus Journal 1998;4:114‐21. - PubMed
Henry 2005
    1. Henry JA, Dennis KC, Schechter MA. General review of tinnitus: prevalence, mechanisms, effects, and management. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2005;48:1204‐35. - PubMed
Hesser 2009
    1. Hesser H, Westin V, Hayes SC, Andersson G. Clients' in‐session acceptance and cognitive defusion behaviors in acceptance‐based treatment of tinnitus distress. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009;47(6):523‐8. [PUBMED: 19268281] - PubMed
Hesser 2011
    1. Hesser H, Weise C, Westin VZ, Andersson G. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for tinnitus distress. Clinical Psychology Review 2011;31(4):545‐53. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Higgins 2013
    1. Higgins JPT, Lasserson T, Chandler J, Tovey D, Churchill R. Standards for the conduct of new Cochrane Intervention Reviews 2012 V2.3. Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews: Standards for the conduct and reporting of new Cochrane Intervention Reviews 2012. Version 2. London: Cochrane, 2013.
Higgins 2016
    1. Higgins JPT, Lasserson T, Chandler J, Tovey D, Churchill R. Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews. London: Cochrane, 2016.
Hiller 2006
    1. Hiller W, Goebel G. Factors influencing tinnitus loudness and annoyance. Archives of Otolaryngology‐‐Head and Neck Surgery 2006;132:1323‐30. - PubMed
Hoare 2011a
    1. Hoare DJ, Hall DA. Clinical guidelines and practice: a commentary on the complexity of tinnitus management. Evaluation and the Health Professions 2011;34(4):413‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Hoare 2011b
    1. Hoare DJ, Kowalkowski V, Kang S, Hall DA. Systematic review and meta‐analyses of RCTs examining tinnitus management. Laryngoscope 2011;121:1555‐64. - PMC - PubMed
Hoare 2014
    1. Hoare DJ, Edmondson‐Jones M, Sereda M, Akeroyd MA, Hall D. Amplification with hearing aids for patients with tinnitus and co‐existing hearing loss. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010151.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hobson 2012
    1. Hobson J, Chisholm E, Refaie A. Sound therapy (masking) in the management of tinnitus in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006371.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hofmann 2008
    1. Hofmann SG, Asmundson G. Acceptance and mindfulness‐based therapy: new wave or old hat?. Clinical Psychology Review 2008;28(1):1‐16. - PubMed
Holl 2011
    1. Holl M. Die Tinnitus‐Atemtherapie: So gehen Sie aktiv gegen Ihr Ohrgeräusch vor. Hannover: Schluetersche, 2011.
Jacobson 1957
    1. Jacobson E. You Must Relax. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1957.
Jacobson 1991
    1. Jacobson NS, Truax P. Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991;59(1):12‐9. - PubMed
Jastreboff 1988
    1. Jastreboff PJ, Brennan JF, Coleman JK, Sasaki CT. Phantom auditory sensation in rats: an animal model for tinnitus. Behavioral Neuroscience 1988;102:811‐22. - PubMed
Jastreboff 1990
    1. Jastreboff PJ. Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Neuroscience Research 1990;8(4):221‐54. - PubMed
Jastreboff 1993
    1. Jastreboff PJ, Hazell JW. A neurophysiological approach to tinnitus: clinical implications. British Journal of Audiology 1993;27(1):7‐17. [PUBMED: 8339063] - PubMed
Jastreboff 2004
    1. Jastreboff PJ, Hazell JWP. Tinnitus Retraining Therapy. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Kabat‐Zinn 1982
    1. Kabat‐Zinn J. An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry 1982;4(1):33‐47. - PubMed
Kaldo 2004a
    1. Kaldo V, Andersson G. Kognitiv Beteendeterapivid Tinnitus [Cognitive‐Behavioural Therapy of Tinnitus]. Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur, 2004.
Kaplan 1996
    1. Kaplan R, Ganiats T, Sieber W. The Quality of Well‐Being Scale, Self Administered (QWB‐SA). San Diego: University of California, San Diego, 1996.
Kim 2015
    1. Kim HJ, Lee HJ, An SY, Sim S, Park B, Kim SW, et al. Analysis of the prevalence and associated risk factors of tinnitus in adults. PloS One 2015;10(5):e0127578. - PMC - PubMed
Kircher 2008
    1. Kircher ML, Standring RT, Leonetti JP. Neuroaudiologic assessment of pulsatile tinnitus. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Otolaryngology ‐ Head Neck Surgery. Chicago, 2008.
Kleinjung 2016
    1. Kleinjung T. Pulsatile tinnitus. In: Baguley D, Fagelson M editor(s). Tinnitus. Clinical and Research Perspectives. San Diego: Plural Publishing, 2016:163‐80.
Kleinstauber 2013
    1. Kleinstauber M, Jasper K, Schweda I, Hiller W, Andersson G, Weise C. The role of fear‐avoidance cognitions and behaviors in patients with chronic tinnitus. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2013;42(2):84‐99. [PUBMED: 23199238] - PubMed
Kluk 2006
    1. Kluk K, Moore BCJ. Dead regions in the cochlea and enhancement of frequency discrimination: effects of audiogram slope, unilateral versus bilateral loss, and hearing‐aid use. Hearing Research 2006;221:1‐15. - PubMed
Kroenke 2001
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2001;16(1):606‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Kröner‐Herwig 1997
    1. Kröner‐Herwig B. Psychologische Behandlung des Chronischen Tinnitus. Stuttgart: Beltz Psychologie Verlags Union, 1997.
Kuk 1990
    1. Kuk FK, Tyler RS, Russell D, Jordan H. The psychometric properties of a tinnitus handicap questionnaire. Ear and Hearing 1990;11:434‐45. - PubMed
König 2006
    1. König O, Schaette R, Kempter R, Gross M. Course of hearing loss and occurrence of tinnitus. Hearing Research 2006;221:59‐64. - PubMed
Landry 2019
    1. Landry EC, Sandoval XCR, Simeone CN, Tidball G, Lea J, Westerberg BD. Systematic review and network meta‐analysis of cognitive and/or behavioral therapies (CBT) for tinnitus. Otology & Neurotology 2019 Nov 15 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed
Langers 2012
    1. Langers DRM, Kleine E, Dijk P. Tinnitus does not require macroscopic tonotopic map reorganization. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 2012;6:2. [DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00002] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Langguth 2011
    1. Langguth B. A review of tinnitus symptoms beyond 'ringing in the ears': a call to action. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2011;27(8):1635‐43. - PubMed
Langguth 2013
    1. Langguth B, Kreuzer PM, Kleinjung T, Ridder D. Tinnitus: causes and clinical management. Lancet Neurology 2013;12(9):920‐30. - PubMed
Lethem 1983
    1. Lethem J, Slade PD, Troup JD, Bentley G. Outline of a fear‐avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception‐‐I. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1983;21(4):401‐8. [PUBMED: 6626110] - PubMed
Lewinsohn 1978
    1. Lewinsohn PM, Munoz R, Youngren MA, Zeiss AM. Control Your Depression. New Jersey: Prentice‐Hall, 1978.
Lovibond 1995
    1. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sydney, Australia: Psychology Foundation, 1995.
Maes 2014
    1. Maes IH, Cima RF, Anteunis LJ, Scheijen DJ, Baguley DM, Refaie A, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of specialized treatment based on cognitive behavioral therapy versus usual care for tinnitus. Otology & Neurotology 2014;35(5):787‐95. [PUBMED: 24829038] - PubMed
Marciano 2003
    1. Marciano E, Varrabba L, Giannini P, Sementina C, Verde P, Bruno C, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in a population of outpatients affected by tinnitus. International Journal of Audiology 2003;42:4‐9. - PubMed
Martines 2010
    1. Martines F, Bentivegna D, Piazza F, Martines E, Sciacca V, Martinciglio G. Investigation of tinnitus patients in Italy: clinical and audiological characteristics. International Journal of Otolaryngology 2010 Jun 23 [Epub ahead of print]. - PMC - PubMed
Martinez‐Devesa 2010
    1. Martinez‐Devesa P, Perera R, Theodoulou M, Waddell A. Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005233.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Mazurek 2015
    1. Mazurek B, Szczepek AJ, Hebert S. Stress and tinnitus. HNO 2015;63(4):258‐65. - PubMed
McDermott 1998
    1. McDermott HJ, Lech M. Loudness perception and frequency discrimination in subjects with steeply sloping hearing loss: possible correlates of neural plasticity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1998;104:2314‐25. - PubMed
McKenna 2004
    1. McKenna L. Models of tinnitus suffering and treatment compared and contrasted. Audiological Medicine 2004;2:41‐53.
McKenna 2014
    1. McKenna L, Handscomb L, Hoare DJ, Hall DA. A scientific cognitive‐behavioral model of tinnitus: novel conceptualizations of tinnitus distress. Frontiers in Neurology 2014;5:196. [PUBMED: 25339938] - PMC - PubMed
Mehta 2019
    1. Mehta S, Peynenburg VA, Hadjistavropoulos HD. Internet‐delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic health conditions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2019;42:169‐87. - PubMed
Meijerink 2017
    1. Meijerink JF, Pronk M, Paulissen B, Witte BI, Wouden BV, Jansen V, et al. Effectiveness of an online SUpport PRogramme (SUPR) for older hearing aid users: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017;7(5):e.015012. - PMC - PubMed
Meikle 2012
    1. Meikle MB, Henry JA, Griest SE, Stewart BJ, Abrams HB, McArdle R, et al. The Tinnitus Functional Index: development of a new clinical measure for chronic, intrusive tinnitus. Ear and Hearing 2012;33:153‐76. - PubMed
Michie 2013
    1. Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2013;46(1):81‐95. - PubMed
Middleton 2011
    1. Middleton JW, Kiritanid T, Pedersen C, Turner JG, Shepherd GMG, Tzounopoulos T. Mice with behavioral evidence of tinnitus exhibit dorsal cochlear nucleus hyperactivity because of decreased GABAergic inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2011;108:7601‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Milerova 2013
    1. Milerova J, Anders M, Dvorak T, Sand PG, Koniger S, Langguth B. The influence of psychological factors on tinnitus severity. General Hospital Psychiatry 2013;35(4):412‐6. - PubMed
Moher 2009
    1. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097. - PMC - PubMed
Moore 2009
    1. Moore BCJ, Vinay SN. Enhanced discrimination of low‐frequency sounds for subjects with high‐frequency dead regions. Brain 2009;132:524‐36. - PubMed
Mulders 2010
    1. Mulders WH, Seluakumaran K, Robertson D. Efferent pathways modulate hyperactivity in inferior colliculus. Journal of Neuroscience 2010;30:9578‐87. - PMC - PubMed
Munoz 1993
    1. Munoz R, Miranda J. Group Therapy Manual for Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Depression. Unpublished, 1993.
Møller 2000
    1. Møller AR. Similarities between severe tinnitus and chronic pain. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 2000;11:115‐24. - PubMed
Mühlnickel 1998
    1. Mühlnickel W, Elbert T, Taub E, Flor H . Reorganization of auditory cortex in tinnitus (plasticity magnetic source imaging). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998;95:10340‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Newman 1996
    1. Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB. Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. Archives of Otolaryngology‐‐Head and Neck Surgery 1996;122:143‐8. - PubMed
Noreña 2005
    1. Noreña AJ, Eggermont JJ. Enriched acoustic environment after noise trauma reduces hearing loss and prevents cortical map reorganization. Journal of Neuroscience 2005;25:699‐705. - PMC - PubMed
Noreña 2011
    1. Noreña AJ. An integrative model of tinnitus based on a central gain controlling neural sensitivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2011;35:1089‐109. - PubMed
Nyenhuis 2013b
    1. Nyenhuis N, Golm D, Kroner‐Herwig B. A systematic review and meta‐analysis on the efficacy of self‐help interventions in tinnitus. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2013;42(2):159‐69. - PubMed
Ost 1987
    1. Ost LG. Applied relaxation: description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1987;25(5):397‐409. [0005‐7967: (Print)] - PubMed
Pavlov 1927
    1. Pavlov I. Conditioned Reflexes. London: Oxford University Press, 1927.
Philippot 2012
    1. Philippot P, Nef F, Clauw L, Romree M, Segal Z. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for treating tinnitus. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2012;19(5):411‐9. [PUBMED: 21567655] - PubMed
Phillips 2010
    1. Phillips JS, McFerran D. Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007330.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pilati 2012
    1. Pilati N, Large C, Forsythe ID, Hamann M. Acoustic over‐exposure triggers burst firing in dorsal cochlear nucleus fusiform cells. Hearing Research 2012;283:98‐106. - PMC - PubMed
Pitrou 2009
    1. Pitrou I, Boutron I, Ahmad N, Ravaud P. Reporting of safety results in published reports of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(19):1756‐61. - PubMed
Rademaker 2019
    1. Rademaker MM, Stegeman I, Ho‐Kang‐You KE, Stokroos RJ, Smit AL. The effect of mindfulness‐based interventions on tinnitus distress. A systematic review. Frontiers in Neurology 2019;10:1135. - PMC - PubMed
Ratnayake 2009
    1. Ratnayake SA, Jayarajan V, Bartlett J. Could an underlying hearing loss be a significant factor in the handicap caused by tinnitus?. Noise and Health 2009;11:156‐60. - PubMed
Rauschecker 1999
    1. Rauschecker JP. Auditory cortical plasticity: a comparison with other sensory systems. Trends in Neurosciences 1999;22:74‐80. - PubMed
Rauschecker 2010
    1. Rauschecker JP, Leaver AM, Mühlau M. Tuning out the noise: limbic‐auditory interaction in tinnitus. Neuron 2010;66:819‐26. - PMC - PubMed
Reiss 1986
    1. Reiss S, Peterson RA, Gursky DM, McNally RJ. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1986;24(1):1‐8. - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Rief 2005
    1. Rief W, Weise C, Kley N, Martin A. Psychophysiologic treatment of chronic tinnitus: a randomized clinical trial. Psychosomatic Medicine 2005;67:833‐8. - PubMed
Roberts 2010
    1. Roberts L, Eggermont J, Caspary D, Shore S, Melcher J, Kaltenbach J. Ringing ears: the neuroscience of tinnitus. Journal of Neuroscience 2010;30:14972‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Sanchez 2002
    1. Sanchez TG, Ferrari GMS. The control of tinnitus through hearing aids: suggestions for optimal use [O controle do zumbido por meio de prótese auditiva: sugestões para otimização do uso]. Pró‐Fono Revista de Atualização Científica 2002;14:111‐8.
Schaette 2011
    1. Schaette R, McAlpine D. Tinnitus with a normal audiogram: physiological evidence for hidden hearing loss and computational model. Journal of Neuroscience 2011;31:13452‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Schecklmann 2013
    1. Schecklmann M, Lehner A, Poeppl TB, Kreuzer PM, Rupprecht R, Rackl J, et al. Auditory cortex is implicated in tinnitus distress: a voxel‐based morphometry study. Brain Structure & Function 2013;218(4):1061‐70. - PubMed
Schork 2015
    1. Schork N. Personalized medicine: time for one‐person trials. Nature 2015;520:609–11. [DOI: 10.1038/520609] - DOI - PubMed
Schulz 2010
    1. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c332. - PMC - PubMed
Segal 2012
    1. Segal ZV, Williams JM, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness‐based Cognitive Therapy for Depression. 2nd Edition. New York: Guildford Press, 2012.
Seki 2003
    1. Seki S, Eggermont JJ. Changes in spontaneous firing rate and neural synchrony in cat primary auditory cortex after localized tone‐induced hearing loss. Hearing Research 2003;180:28‐38. - PubMed
Sereda 2018
    1. Sereda M, Xia J, Refaie A, Hall DA, Hoare DJ. Sound therapy (using amplification devices and/or sound generators) for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013094.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shore 2016
    1. Shore SE, Roberts LE, Langguth B. Maladaptive plasticity in tinnitus triggers, mechanisms and treatment. Nature Reviews. Neurology 2016;12(3):150‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Skevington 2004
    1. Skevington SM, Lofty M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL‐BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of Life Research 2004;13(2):299‐310. - PubMed
Skinner 1938
    1. Skinner BF. The Behavior of Organisms. New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 1938.
Spielberger 1983
    1. Spielberger C, Gorsuch R, Lushene R, Vagg P, Jacobs, G. Manual for the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983.
Spitzer 2006
    1. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe Bl. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD‐7. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166(10):1092‐7. - PubMed
Sundell 1982
    1. Sundell M, Sundell SS. Behavior Modification in the Human Services. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall, 1982.
Sweetow 1990
    1. Sweetow R, Levy M. Tinnitus severity scaling for diagnostic/therapeutic usage. Hearing Instruments 1990;41:20‐1.
Tass 2012
    1. Tass PA, Adamchic I, Freund H‐J, Stackelberg T, Hauptmann C. Counteracting tinnitus by acoustic coordinated reset neuromodulation. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2012;30:137‐59. - PubMed
Thai‐Van 2002
    1. Thai‐Van H, Micheyl C, Noreña A, Collet L. Local improvement in auditory frequency discrimination is associated with hearing loss slope in subjects with cochlear damage. Brain 2002;125:524‐37. - PubMed
Thai‐Van 2003
    1. Thai‐Van H, Micheyl C, Moore BCJ, Collet L. Enhanced frequency discrimination near the hearing loss cut‐off: a consequence of central auditory plasticity induced by cochlear damage?. Brain 2003;126:2235‐45. - PubMed
Thompson 2016
    1. Thompson DM, Hall DA, Walker D‐M, Hoare DJ. Psychological therapy for people with tinnitus: a scoping review of treatment components. Ear and Hearing 2016 Aug 18 [Epub ahead of print]. - PMC - PubMed
Tunkel 2014
    1. Tunkel DE, Bauer CA, Sun GH, Rosenfeld RM, Chandrasekhar SS, Cunningham ER, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2014;151(2 Suppl):S1‐40. - PubMed
Turk 1983
    1. Turk DC, Meichenbaum D, Genest M. Pain and Behavioural Medicine ‐ A Cognitive Behavioural Perspective. New York: Guilford Press, 1983.
Van Rillaer 1997
    1. Rillaer J. Learning relaxation in cognitive behavioural therapy [L’apprentissage de la relaxation en thérapie cognitivocomportementale]. Revue Francophone de Clinique Comportementale et Cognitives 1997;2:16‐20.
Vanneste 2012
    1. Vanneste S, Ridder D. The auditory and non‐auditory brain areas involved in tinnitus. An emergent property of multiple parallel overlapping subnetworks. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 2012;6:31. - PMC - PubMed
Vlaeyen 2000
    1. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear‐avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000;85(3):317‐32. [PUBMED: 10781906] - PubMed
Vlaeyen 2012
    1. Vlayen JW, Linton SJ. Fear‐avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain: 12 years on. Pain 2012;153(6):1144‐7. [PUBMED: 22321917] - PubMed
Wegner 2018
    1. Wegner I, Hall DA, Smit AL, McFerran D, Stegeman I. Betahistine for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013093.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Weise 2013
    1. Weise C, Kleinstäuber M, Hesser H, Westin VZ, Andersson G. Acceptance of tinnitus: validation of the tinnitus acceptance questionnaire. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2013;42:100‐15. - PubMed
Weisz 2005
    1. Weisz N, Moratti S, Meinzer M, Dohrmann K, Elbert T. Tinnitus perception and distress is related to abnormal spontaneous brain activity as measured by magnetoencephalography. PLoS Medicine 2005;2:e153. - PMC - PubMed
Wilson 1991
    1. Wilson PH, Henry J, Bowen M, Haralambous G. Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire: psychometric properties of a measure of distress associated with tinnitus. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1991;34:197‐201. - PubMed
Wilson 1998
    1. Wilson PH, Henry JL. Tinnitus Cognitions Questionnaire: development and psychometric properties of a measure of dysfunctional cognitions associated with tinnitus. International Tinnitus Journal 1998;4(1):23‐30. - PubMed
Zeman 2011
    1. Zeman F, Koller M, Figueiredo R, Aazevedo A, Rates M, Coelho C, et al. Tinnitus Handicap Inventory for evaluating treatment effects: which changes are clinically relevant?. Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery 2011;145(2):282‐7. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599811403882] - DOI - PubMed
Zigmond 1983
    1. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1983;67:361‐70. - PubMed
Zirke 2013a
    1. Zirke N, Seydel C, Szczepek AJ, Olze H, Haupt H, Mazurek B. Psychological comorbidity in patients with chronic tinnitus: analysis and comparison with chronic pain, asthma or atopic dermatitis patients. Quality of Life Research 2013;22(2):263‐72. - PubMed
Zirke 2013b
    1. Zirke N, Seydel C, Arsoy D, Klapp BF, Haupt H, Szczepek AJ, et al. Analysis of mental disorders in tinnitus patients performed with Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Quality of Life Research 2013;22(8):2095‐104. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Fuller 2017b
    1. Fuller TE, Cima RFF, Langguth B, Mazurek B, Waddell A, Hoare DJ, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012614] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types