Maternal cardiometabolic factors and genetic ancestry influence epigenetic aging of the placenta

Abstract

Disruption of physiological aging of the placenta can lead to pregnancy complications and increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases during childhood and adulthood. Maternal metabolic and genetic factors need to operate in concert with placental development for optimal pregnancy outcome. However, it is unknown whether maternal cardiometabolic status and genetic ancestry contribute to differences in placental epigenetic age acceleration (PAA). We investigated whether maternal prepregnancy obesity, gestational weight gain (GWG), blood pressure, and genetic ancestry influence PAA. Among 301 pregnant women from 4 race/ethnic groups who provided placenta samples at delivery as part of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies, placental DNA methylation age was estimated using 62 CpGs known to predict placental aging. PAA was defined to be the difference between placental DNA methylation age and gestational age at birth. Percentage of genetic ancestries was estimated using genotype data. We found that a 1 kg/week increase in GWG was associated with up to 1.71 (95% CI: -3.11, -0.32) week lower PAA. Offspring Native American ancestry and African ancestry were associated, respectively, with higher and lower PAA among Hispanics, and maternal East Asian ancestry was associated with lower PAA among Asians (p < 0.05). Among mothers with a male offspring, blood pressure was associated with lower PAA across all three trimesters (p < 0.05), prepregnancy obesity compared to normal weight was associated with 1.24 (95% CI: -2.24, -0.25) week lower PAA. In summary, we observed that maternal cardiometabolic factors and genetic ancestry influence placental epigenetic aging and some of these influences may be male offspring-specific.

Keywords: Obesity; ancestry; blood pressure; epigenetic aging; gestational weight gain; placental aging.

Fig 1.

Correlations between maternal cardiometabolic factors and placental epigenetic age acceleration. A. Maternal age, B. 1st trimester SBP, C. 1st trimester DBP, D. 2nd trimester SBP, E. 2nd trimester DBP, F. 3rd trimester SBP, G. 3rd trimester DBP, H. pre-pregnancy BMI, I. 1st trimester GWG, J. 2nd trimester GWG, and K. 3rd trimester GWG. Statistically significant correlations (P<0.05) are annotated by Asterix.

Fig 2.

Multivariable adjusted significant associations of maternal blood pressure and adiposity with placental epigenetic age acceleration. A. 1st trimester SBP, B. 1st trimester DBP, and C. 3rd trimester DBP) (D. pre-pregnancy BMI, E. 1st trimester GWG, F. 2nd trimester GWG, and G. 3rd trimester GWG). Models included parity, health insurance, mode of onset of labor, marital status, educational status, preeclampsia status, and offspring sex as adjustment variables. Estimates for maternal blood pressure were change in PAA per 10mmHG increase in DBP and SBP. Statistically significant estimates (P<0.05) are annotated by Asterix. Abbreviation: GWG, gestational weight gain; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; PAA, placental epigenetic age acceleration.