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. 2020 Jan 15;25(2):343.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25020343.

Chemical Composition and the Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Fruit Peel Essential Oil from Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Ren Li  1   2 , Jing-Jing Yang  3 , Xing-Zhen Song  2   4 , Yuan-Fei Wang  5 , Richard T Corlett  1 , You-Kai Xu  5 , Hua-Bin Hu  5
Affiliations

Chemical Composition and the Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Fruit Peel Essential Oil from Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Ren Li et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz (Anacardiaceae) is widely distributed in tropical Asia, where it is commonly used as a vegetable and fruit, and is attracting increasing research attention. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and the cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of the fruit peel essential oil of S. pinnata (EOSP), which has been consumed as a medicine and condiment in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. A total of 40 components were identified by Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS), representing 95.19% of the EOSP, with furfural (17.14%), α-terpineol (13.09%), and ethyl benzoate (9.05%) as the main constituents. EOSP has moderate cytotoxic activity against five cancer cells and obvious antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic strains. In particular, EOSP (Minimal Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentration, MIC and MFC, 16‒32 µg/mL) showed a 32-times higher inhibition effect against Aspergillus fumigatus than the positive control Tigecycline (MIC and MBC 512‒1024 µg/mL). EOSP also showed strong anti-inflammatory activity by significantly inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cell lines at 0.08‱, with no effect on cell viability. These bioactivities of S. pinnata fruit peel validate its traditional uses and suggest that it could be a new source of natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents for food or medical industries.

Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus; Spondias pinnata; Xishuangbanna; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial; essential oil.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The main chemical components and the therapeutic related bioactivities of the essential oil from Spondias pinnata fruit peels. SDE means simultaneous distillation extraction.
Figure 2
Figure 2
GC-MS chromatograms of the essential oil from the fruit peel of Spondias pinnata.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of the essential oil of Spondias pinnata (EOSP) on the viability of RAW 264.7 cells by MTS assay. Results were expressed as a percentage of MTS production by control cells maintained in culture medium. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent tests.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of the essential oil of Spondias pinnata (EOSP) on NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Results were expressed as percentages of NO by control cells maintained in culture medium. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent tests. ### p < 0.001 for LPS versus the blank group. *** p < 0.001 for cells treated with essential oil samples versus the control group (LPS).
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