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Review
. 2020 Jan 23;18(1):43-59.
doi: 10.1007/s11938-020-00273-3. Print 2020 Mar.

Chronic Hiccups

Zachary Wilmer Reichenbach  1   2 , Gregory M Piech  1 , Zubair Malik  3
Affiliations
Review

Chronic Hiccups

Zachary Wilmer Reichenbach et al. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. .

Abstract

Purpose of review: Nearly 4000 patients will be admitted to hospital in the US this year for hiccups. Hiccups are controlled by a complex reflex arc between peripheral receptors and the brainstem. Any disruption along this pathway may produce hiccups. Typically, hiccups resolve spontaneously but in certain pathologies symptoms may persist. Persistent hiccups may be considered a sign of underlying pathology. The most common cause involves GERD.

Recent findings: Based on etiologies, studies have shown that first-line therapy should use a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and involve appropriate gastrointestinal consultation. If symptoms persist, other etiologies such as central causes need to be explored.

Summary: We review the pathophysiology of hiccups including multiple causes and the appropriate work up for each. We review several studies examining new treatments, both pharmacological and interventional, that may help patients. Initial therapy should still involve a PPI but several new therapies may be beneficial.

Keywords: Hiccough; Hiccups; Singultus.

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Conflict of interest statement

Kerstin Austin declares he has no conflict of interest. Sara Bonnes declares she has no conflict of interest. Harrison Daniel declares he has no conflict of interest.

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