Conflict of interest: E.J. Bernstein reports grants from NIH/NIAMS, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants from Pfizer, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: J.H.M. Austin has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S.M. Kawut reports grants from NIH, non-financial support for travel from ATS, and grants from Actelion, United Therapeutics, Gilead, Lung Biotech, Bayer, and Mallinkrodt to the Perelman School of Medicine for CME courses; grants and non-financial support from Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund and non-financial support from Pulmonary Hypertension Association; and has served in an advisory capacity (for grant review and other purposes) for United Therapeutics, Akros Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, and Complexa, Inc. without financial support or in-kind benefits. Conflict of interest: G. Raghu reports grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: E.A. Hoffman reports grants from NIH, during the conduct of the study; and is a founder and shareholder of VIDA Diagnostics, a company commercialising lung image analysis software developed, in part, at the University of Iowa. Conflict of interest: J.D. Newell reports grants from NIH, during the conduct of the study; personal fees as medical advisor from VIDA, grants from NIH and Siemens Healthineers, outside the submitted work; and has patents with VIDA and University of Iowa issued. Conflict of interest: J.R. Watts reports personal fees for lectures from Genentech, Boehringer Ingelheim and France Foundation, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: P.H. Nath has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S.K. Sonavane reports grants from NIH, during the conduct of the study. Conflict of interest: R.G. Barr reports grants from NIH, during the conduct of the study; grants from NIH and COPD Foundation, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: D.J. Lederer is a full time employee of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; the work in this article was performed solely while D.J. Lederer was an employee of Columbia University and does not represent work by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; D.J. Lederer reports personal fees from Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Philips Respironics, Fibrogen, Global Blood Therapeutics, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Veracyte, and Galapagos unrelated to the current work; institutional grant support from Fibrogen, Global Blood Therapeutics and Boehringer Ingelheim; has performed unpaid consulting work for Galecto, Pliant Therapeutics and Bristol Myers Squibb; Columbia University has received fees from the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation for consulting services provided by D.J. Lederer.