A Guide to Management of Sleepiness in ESKD

Abstract

Daytime sleepiness, also known as hypersomnolence, is common among patients receiving maintenance dialysis and following successful kidney transplantation. Sleepiness may be secondary to medical comorbid conditions, medication side effect, insufficient sleep syndrome, and sleep-disordered breathing or the result of a primary central disorder of hypersomnolence, such as narcolepsy. Unrecognized and untreated sleep disorders are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality among patients with end-stage kidney disease. Effective management of hypersomnolence can improve quality of life in patients with kidney disease. This review focuses on the principal causes of sleepiness in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Awareness of these disorders by treating nephrologists is crucial. This review provides a systematic approach to guide providers through the recognition, early diagnosis, and treatment of hypersomnolence, which is commonly encountered in this patient population. Areas of future research are also suggested.

Keywords: Hypersomnolence; circadian rhythm sleep disorders; dialysis; end-stage kidney disease (ESKD); fatigue; hypersomnia; insomnia; insufficient sleep syndrome; kidney transplant; narcolepsy; obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); review; sleep deprivation; sleep disorder; sleep hygiene; sleepiness.