Kratom-Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Kratom, or Mitragyna, is a tropical plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, with unique pharmacological properties. It is commonly consumed by preparing the leaves into decoction or tea, or by grinding them into a powder. Recent evidence has revealed that kratom has physiological effects similar to opioids, including pain relief and euphoria, as well as stimulant properties, which together raise potential concern for dependence and addiction. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that the prevalence of kratom use is increasing in many parts of the world, raising important considerations for healthcare providers. This manuscript will discuss the most current epidemiology, pharmacology, toxicity, and management related to kratom, while seeking to provide a contemporary perspective on the issue and its role in the greater context of the opioid epidemic.

Keywords: Drug abuse; Drug addiction; Kratom; Mitragynine; Opioid; Stimulant.

Fig. 1

Key considerations regarding kratom in the medical field. Figure is original and was produced by the authors for this particular publication