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. 2020 Jan 6:2020:6576718.
doi: 10.1155/2020/6576718. eCollection 2020.

Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside Ameliorates Infrasound-Induced Central Nervous System (CNS) Injury by Improving Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity

Xuanxuan Zhou  1   2 , Qian Yang  1   2 , Fan Song  1 , Linlin Bi  1 , Jiani Yuan  1 , Shaoyu Guan  3 , Qi Yang  3 , Siwang Wang  1   2   4
Affiliations

Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside Ameliorates Infrasound-Induced Central Nervous System (CNS) Injury by Improving Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity

Xuanxuan Zhou et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. .

Abstract

Background: Infrasound is a major threat to global health by causing injuries of the central nervous system (CNS). However, there remains no effective therapeutic agent for preventing infrasound-caused CNS injury. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glycoside (THSG) exerts protective function against CNS injuries and may have beneficial effects on infrasound-induced CNS impairment.

Methods: A mouse model with CNS (oxidative stress-induced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis) injuries was established when the mouse was exposed to the infrasound of 16 Hz at 130 dB for 2 h each day and the duration of treatment was 8 d. The mice were divided into the control (CG, healthy mice), the model (MG, model mice), and the THSG (EG, experimental group, model mice treated with THSG) groups. The learning and memory impairments caused by infrasound were examined using a Morris water maze test. Lipid profiles, antioxidant biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus tissue were measured by using corresponding ELISA kits. Meanwhile, BCL-2/BAX/caspase-3 signaling pathway was measured in the hippocampi and prefrontal cortex of the mouse brain using real-time qPCR and Western blot. Nissl's stain was used to measure neuronal necrosis in the hippocampi and prefrontal cortex of the mouse brain.

Results: THSG significantly ameliorated the learning and memory impairments caused by infrasound. On the other hand, THSG improved lipid profiles, increased antioxidant properties by affecting the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and displayed anti-inflammatory action via the downregulation of IL- (interleukin-) 6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF- (tumor necrosis factor-) α, and hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) in the hippocampal tissues of the mouse model (P < 0.05). Additionally, Nissl's stain showed that THSG inhibited infrasound-induced neuronal necrosis in the hippocampi and prefrontal cortex. Besides, THSG exerted antiapoptosis function by upregulating the level of Bcl-2 and downregulating the levels of BAX and caspase-3 in the hippocampi.

Conclusion: THSG may be an effective anti-infrasound drug against CNS injury by improving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, and antinecrosis capacities. Further research is still needed to confirm the exact molecular mechanism.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Categories of infrasound events.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of Morris water maze test among different groups. n = 8 for each group.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The effects of THSG on spatial learning and memory. (a) Path length (cm). (b) Escape latency (s). (c) The times of going through the target quadrant. n = 8 for each group and ∗P < 0.05 vs. the model group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The effects of THSG on infrasound-induced neuron apoptosis of prefrontal cortices (PFC) region in the mouse model. The results were analyzed from three aspects. Quantity: the control (a, b) and THSG (e, f) groups had more neurons than the model group (c, d). Shape: the shapes of cells in the control group (a, b) were rounder than the model group (c, d), and the cells in the THSG group (e, f) also had a more perfect shape than the model group (c, d). Definition: big cells, staining cytoplasm, loose chromatin, and prominent nucleoli were showed in the control group (a, b) while small cells and condensed or even no staining cytoplasts were observed in the model group while the situation became better in the THSG group. Nissl bodies (chromatin granules) stand for the activity of protein synthesis and showed in red arrows and are lacking in necrotic cells. n = 8 for each group.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The effects of THSG on infrasound-induced neuron apoptosis of hippocampus (HIP) region in the mouse model. The results were analyzed from three aspects. Quantity: the control (a, b) and THSG (e, f) groups had more neurons than the model group (c, d). Shape: the shapes of cells in the control group (a, b) were rounder than the model group (c, d), and the cells in the THSG group (e, f) also had a more perfect shape than the model group (c, d). Definition: big cells, staining cytoplasm, loose chromatin, and prominent nucleoli were showed in the control group (a, b) while small cells and condensed or even no staining cytoplasts were observed in the model group while the situation became better in the THSG group. Nissl bodies (chromatin granules) stand for the activity of protein synthesis and showed in red arrows and are lacking in necrotic cells. n = 8 for each group.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The effects of THSG on relative mRNA levels of Bcl-2/BAX/caspase-3. (a) The effects of THSG on relative mRNA levels of Bcl-2. (b) The effects of THSG on relative mRNA levels of BAX. (c) The effects of THSG on relative mRNA levels of caspase-3. n = 8 for each group. ∗P < 0.05 vs. the control group and #P < 0.05 vs. the model group.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The effects of THSG on relative protein levels of Bcl-2/BAX/caspase-3. (a) The effects of THSG on relative protein levels of Bcl-2. (b) The effects of THSG on relative protein levels of BAX. (c) The effects of THSG on relative protein levels of caspase-3. n = 8 for each group. ∗P < 0.05 vs. the control group and #P < 0.05 vs. the model group.
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