Linking Pavlovian Disgust Conditioning and Eating Disorder Symptoms: An Analogue Study

Abstract

Although the experience of disgust is commonly endorsed among women with eating disorders, it remains unclear how to best model this emotion in relation to disordered eating. The present study sought to identify potential disgust conditioning abnormalities that may underlie the development of eating disorder symptoms. Individuals high and low in eating disorder symptoms (HED, n = 19; LED, n = 18) completed a Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which one neutral food item (conditioned stimulus; CS+) was followed by disgusting videos of individuals vomiting (unconditioned stimulus; US) and another neutral food item (CS-) was not reinforced with the disgusting video. Following this acquisition procedure, there was an extinction procedure in which both CSs were presented unreinforced. The results showed that ratings of disgust, fear, and willingness to eat the CS+ and CS- did not significantly vary as a function of the conditioning phase for the LED group. However, the HED group rated the CS+ as significantly more disgusting and fear inducing than the CS- after the acquisition phase and this pattern persisted after extinction. These conditioning effects were also observed to be significantly larger for disgust compared to fear. The HED group also reported being significantly less willing to eat the CS+ compared to the CS- after the acquisition phase and this pattern also persisted after extinction. In the full sample, only discriminant disgust responding after acquisition was associated with the amount of calorie consumption over the 24-hour period after conditioning. These findings suggest that eating disorder symptoms may result from a heightened proneness to associate disgusting outcomes with otherwise neutral food items. This pattern of disgust learning may reinforce food avoidance in eating disorders and appears to be difficult to fully unlearn.

Keywords: Pavlovian conditioning; disgust; eating disorders; food avoidance.