Store and neighborhood differences in retailer compliance with a local staple foods ordinance

Abstract

Background: Policies to improve healthy food retail have been recognized as a potential means of reducing diet-related health disparities. The revised 2014 Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance instituted minimum stocking standards for healthy, staple foods. The objective of this study was to examine retailer compliance with the policy, and whether compliance varied by neighborhood and store characteristics.

Methods: In this natural experiment, audits were conducted annually pre- and post-ordinance (2014-2017) in 155 small/nontraditional stores in Minneapolis, MN and a comparison city (St. Paul, MN). Compliance measures for 10 product categories included: (1) met requirements for ≥8 categories; (2) 10-point scale (one point for each requirement met); and (3) carried any item in each category. Store characteristics included store size and ownership status. Neighborhood characteristics included census-tract socioeconomic status and low-income/low-access status. Analyses were conducted in 2018.

Results: All compliance measures increased in both Minneapolis and St. Paul from pre- to post-policy; Minneapolis increases were greater only for carrying any item in each category (p < 0.01). In Minneapolis, corporate (vs. independent) stores were generally more compliant. No differences were found by neighborhood characteristics.

Conclusions: Overall trends suggest broad movement among Minneapolis stores towards providing a minimum level of staple foods. Increases were greater in corporate stores. Trends do not suggest neighborhood-level disparities in compliance.

Study registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02774330, retrospectively registered May 17, 2016.

Keywords: Food access; Neighborhood disparities; Policy; Small food store; Stocking standards.

Fig. 1

Compliance with the Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance in Larger and Smaller Stores in Minneapolis, MN A: Percent of Stores Meeting 80% of Staple Foods Ordinance Standards; B: 10-Point Scale of Meeting Ordinance Requirements; C: Percent of Stores Stocking Any Food in All 10 Categories; T1 = 2014 (Pre-policy), T2 = 2015 (Implementation only), T3 = 2016 (Early initiation of enforcement), T4 = 2017 (Continued monitoring).

Fig. 2

Compliance with the Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance in Corporate and Independent Stores in Minneapolis, MN A: Percent of Stores Meeting 80% of Staple Foods Ordinance Standards; B: 10-Point Scale of Meeting Ordinance Requirements; C: Percent of Stores Stocking Any Food in All 10 Categories; T1 = 2014 (Pre-policy), T2 = 2015 (Implementation only), T3 = 2016 (Early initiation of enforcement), T4 = 2017 (Continued monitoring)

Fig. 3

Compliance with the Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance in Lower-SES and Higher-SES Stores in Minneapolis, MN A: Percent of Stores Meeting 80% of Staple Foods Ordinance Standards; B: 10-Point Scale of Meeting Ordinance Requirements; C: Percent of Stores Stocking Any Food in All 10 Categories; T1 = 2014 (Pre-policy), T2 = 2015 (Implementation only), T3 = 2016 (Early initiation of enforcement), T4 = 2017 (Continued monitoring)

Fig. 4

Compliance with the Minneapolis Staple Foods Ordinance in Lower-Income/Access and Higher-Income/Access Stores in Minneapolis, MN A: Percent of Stores Meeting 80% of Staple Foods Ordinance Standards; B: 10-Point Scale of Meeting Ordinance Requirements; C: Percent of Stores Stocking Any Food in All 10 Categories; T1 = 2014 (Pre-policy), T2 = 2015 (Implementation only), T3 = 2016 (Early initiation of enforcement), T4 = 2017 (Continued monitoring)