Re-drawing the Maps for Endemic Mycoses

Abstract

Endemic mycoses such as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and talaromycosis are well-known causes of focal and systemic disease within specific geographic areas of known endemicity. However, over the past few decades, there have been increasingly frequent reports of infections due to endemic fungi in areas previously thought to be "non-endemic." There are numerous potential reasons for this shift such as increased use of immune suppressive medications, improved diagnostic tests, increased disease recognition, and global factors such as migration, increased travel, and climate change. Regardless of the causes, it has become evident that our previous understanding of endemic regions for these fungal diseases needs to evolve. The epidemiology of the newly described Emergomyces is incomplete; our understanding of it continues to evolve. This review will focus on the evidence underlying the established areas of endemicity for these mycoses as well as new data and reports from medical literature that support the re-thinking these geographic boundaries. Updating the endemic fungi maps would inform clinical practice and global surveillance of these diseases.

Keywords: Blastomycosis; Coccidioidomycosis; Emergomyces; Endemic fungi; Histoplasmosis; Paracoccidioidomycosis; Talaromycosis.

Fig. 1

World map estimating regions most likely to have histoplasmosis based on literature review

Fig. 2

World map estimating regions with coccidioidomycosis based on literature review

Fig. 3

World map estimating regions most likely to have blastomycosis* based on literature review